ISSN: 2081-3910 e-ISSN: 2353-8627 Yearbook (from 2023) SUBMISSIONS - The authors should submit papers for the journal Current Problems of Psychiatry via the internet platform. Click to log in. Current Problems of Psychiatry is a journal focused on presenting articles that offer a broad, multidisciplinary scientific and clinical perspective on mental health disturbances, with particular emphasis on the biological, neural, and psychosocial determinants of disorders, as well as their diagnosis and treatment. The expected scope of submissions includes basic research, clinical analyses, and reviews of current literature that allow for generating original conclusions and identifying new research directions. The Editorial Board is also interested in manuscripts that expand current knowledge about the pathomechanisms of mental health disturbances, especially those considering genetic and molecular factors, somatic health, neuroimaging and neurophysiological findings, cognitive functioning, the psychosocial environment of patients, and new cultural factors related to the digitalization of everyday life and online media. The journal also welcomes work on new methods of diagnosing and treating mental disorders, as well as studies developing prevention and psychoprophylactic strategies. Current Problems of Psychiatry aims to facilitate integration, exchange of experience, and clinical knowledge among specialists representing various aspects of research and clinical practice. The journal obtained 70 points in the list of scientific journals announced in the notice of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
An Empirical Examination of the Association Between Alexithymia and Some Imaginal Characteristics: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Introduction: There is an ongoing debate among proponents of different alexithymia frameworks regarding whether impoverished imaginal processes constitute a core component of the alexithymia construct. The current study examined whether alexithymia was associated with fantasising for emotion regulation and a series of brief (day)dreaming indicators. Material and methods: A total of 271 Polish participants recruited from social media platforms completed a series of measures assessing alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20), fantasising for emotion regulation, (day)dreaming characteristics, psychological distress and well-being. A set of correlational, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses was used. Results: The Polish TAS-20 is characterised by the intended 3-factor structure, with acceptable-to-excellent statistical fit indices. While alexithymia levels were weakly linked to dreaming characteristics, they were not associated with one-item measures of daydreaming frequency or daydream content. Higher levels of alexithymia were related to more frequent use of fantasising for emotion regulation. This type of fantasising, alexithymia and psychological distress were positively interrelated. Conclusions: As a matter of clinical importance, we speculate that people high in alexithymia more frequently fantasise for emotion regulation, however, these attempts seem to be ineffective, highlighting their underlying deficits in imaginal processes. These findings ought to be considered in light of the study’s limitations. Future research requires supplementing self-report alexithymia measures with other methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Larionow, Monika Mazur, Karolina Mudło-Głagolska, R. Michael Bagby (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and the Frequency and Severity of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents : A Clinicaland Correlational Study
Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) constitutes a significant mental health problem in the adolescent population. These behaviors are defined as intentional damage to the body performed without the intention of ending one’s life and most often serve the function of regulating emotional tension. The literature indicates that one of the key factors associated with the occurrence of NSSI is difficulty in emotion regulation. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the severity of non-suicidal self-injury, understood as its frequency and severity, and the level of difficulties in emotion regulation among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Material and methods: The study had a cross-sectional design and was conducted between 2019 and 2022 among 205 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (aged 12–24 years). Difficulties in emotion regulation were assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), while the severity of NSSI was evaluated using the Self-Injury Trauma Scale (SIT), which includes the Number Index (NI) and the Severity Index (SI) of self-injury. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 28, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Positive, although weak, correlations were found between the overall level of difficulties in emotion regulation and both the number (r = 0.256; p = 0.001) and severity of self-injury (r = 0.204; p = 0.001). The strongest associations concerned difficulties in impulse control and problems with goal-directed behavior. Regression analysis showed that difficulty in impulse control was a significant predictor of both the number (β = 0.265; p = 0.009) and severity of self-injury (β = 0.220; p = 0.015). Conclusions: The obtained results confirm the important role of emotional dysregulation in the severity of NSSI behaviors among hospitalized adolescents. A deficit in impulse control appears to be particularly significant, as it may increase both the frequency and severity of self-injury. The findings highlight the need to include emotion regulation training in therapeutic programs for adolescents exhibiting self-aggressive behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ewelina Drzał, Natalia Kajka, Klaudia Kister, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of lipid metabolism in cognitive functions among individuals with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: Mental illnesses are frequently associated with metabolic dysregulation and chronic inflammation, which may exacerbates cognitive decline beyond typical aging processes. While the link between lipid profiles and brain health is welldocumented in the general population, this relationship remains complex and potentially non-linear in psychiatric patients due to the confounding effects of antipsychotic treatment and lifestyle factors. Material and methods: The study was conducted among individuals with mental disorders in day support centers in Lublin and Łęczna. 91 participants with diagnoses F20, F25, F22, F31, F32, F40F48, F60F69 were included in final analyses. Biochemical data (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) were collected and cognitive functions were assessed using STMS, VFT and RAVLT. Results: Dyslipidemia was identified in 79.1% of participants, with higher TG and TC concentrations observed in women than in men. Overall, elevated LDL-C levels were found in 55% of the participants, with no significant sex differences. While linear regression did not reveal significant associations, decision tree models (C&RT) showed that lower TG levels and aripiprazole treatment were the main predictors of better cognitive performance. However, these procognitive benefits were significantly moderated by body weight. In the SMI group, TG concentrations were higher than in the non-SMI group. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the association between lipid profiles and cognition in psychiatric patients is nonlinear and highly dependent on metabolic and pharmacological moderators. While aripiprazole showed a potential precognitive effect, this benefit was significantly attenuated by obesity and dyslipidemia, highlighting the necessity of integrated metabolic monitoring and weight management to preserve cognitive health in this population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Urszula Łopuszańska, Joanna Milanowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistic Manifestations of Predictive Coding Error Responses inPsychotic Disorders: An Integrative Review with Neurophysiological Evidence
Introduction: Disturbances in predictive coding are increasingly recognized as core mechanisms shaping perception, cognition, and language in mental disorders. However, the linguistic manifestations of prediction error responses have not been systematically integrated with neurophysiological findings. This review aims to synthesize how different forms of predictive error reactivity are expressed in language and how these patterns correspond to neural signatures. Material and methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMAScR guidelines, covering empirical and theoretical studies from PubMed and Scopus from 2010 up to 2026. Studies were included if they examined (1) a psychiatric population, (2) predictive coding or predictionerror mechanisms, (3) linguistic behavior at any structural level, and (4) behavioral and/or neurophysiological data. Extracted information underwent thematic synthesis using open, axial, and selective coding. Results: Thirteen publications met the inclusion criteria. Six recurring mechanisms of predictive error responses were identified: heightened prediction error precision, weakened prediction error signalling, impaired sensory-motor prediction, disruptions in hierarchical semantic-pragmatic prediction, deficits in predictive source monitoring, and global predictive instability. Each mechanism was associated with specific linguistic manifestations such as semantic entropy, discourse incoherence, and atypical lexical activation. Concurrently, corresponding neurophysiological indices were observed, including reduced N1/N400 modulation, converging with electrophysiological and neurodynamic evidence. Conclusions: Language provides a sensitive behavioural window into predictive processing disturbances in mental disorders. The correspondence between linguistic patterns and neurophysiological responses highlights the value of integrative, multilevel approaches for characterizing predictive coding dysfunction in clinical populations. These results suggest that predictive processing deficits occur hierarchically across language levels, producing cascading effects paralleling the clinical course of psychotic illness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Mazur, Paweł Krukow (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance of cooperation in the treatment of schizophrenia-related psychoses. A review of research
Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on factors determining cooperation in pharmacological treatment in people with schizophrenia. Method: A systematic review of the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for papers published from 1969 to 2024 was performed. Prospective, cross-sectional and retrospective studies as well as meta-analyses meeting methodological quality criteria were included in the analysis. Results: The percentage of non-cooperative patients ranges from approximately 20% to 56% in the literature, with an average level close to 41%. The most commonly identified predictors of non-cooperation are poorer insight into the illness, younger age, psychoactive substance use, and greater severity of positive and negative symptoms. Non-cooperation is associated with a significantly higher risk of relapse and rehospitalisation, as well as poorer social and occupational functioning. Positive attitudes towards pharmacotherapy, a good therapeutic relationship, and family support improve cooperation regardless of the level of insight, which justifies combining psychoeducational, relational, and environmental interventions with the optimization of pharmacological treatment. Conclusions: Cooperation in pharmacological treatment is a key, modifiable factor in the course of schizophrenia. Effective strategies require a multidimensional approach that includes psychoeducation, psychosocial support, improvement of the therapeutic alliance, minimisation of adverse effects, and the introduction of simpler and more convenient treatment plans. Further well-designed, prospective studies evaluating the long-term effectiveness of interventions that increase cooperation are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Błądziński, Andrzej Cechnicki, Przemysław Stankiewicz, Dominik Lech, Iga Plencler-Turakiewicz, Monika Żwirska, Aneta Kalisz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMDR Therapy as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review of Trauma-Focused Approaches
Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder marked by chronic calorie restriction, distorted body image, and high mortality. Despite available treatments, long-term success is limited, with frequent relapses. Evidence suggests trauma-related factors play a key role in AN development and maintenance, emphasizing the need for innovative therapies. This review evaluates Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as an adjunct in AN treatment, especially for patients with trauma histories, and synthesizes current research on its effectiveness. Material and methods: A literature review from 2020-2025 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Selected studies include empirical research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses on EMDR’s role in treating AN and trauma. Methodological quality and relevance were assessed. Results: Originally used for treatment of PTSD, EMDR seems promising as a complementary approach in AN, particularly for those with traumatic backgrounds. Incorporating EMDR as an alongside standard treatments (e.g., CBT-E) improves BMI, reduces dissociative and psychopathological symptoms, and aids processing of negative beliefs and body image issues. Therapy EMDR targets unprocessed traumatic memories, enhancing emotional regulation and self-perception, and may reduce trauma-related symptoms, especially in complex cases involving childhood maltreatment. Conclusions: EMDR is a valuable adjunct in multidisciplinary AN treatment, aiding in trauma processing and symptom reduction. Further large-scale studies are needed to establish standardized protocols and integration strategies within comprehensive care.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing)
negative self-beliefs and body image disturbance
comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment
Copyright (c) 2025 Grzegorz Kurec, Oliwia Burdan, Filip Kazimierz Gajewski (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Where does this panic attack come from? - about anxiety, its types and forms of therapy - Narrative review
Introduction: Anxiety disorders are common mental health problems that impact social functioning and public health. They result from interactions between environmental, biological, and genetic factors. Research focuses on brain mechanisms and structural changes linked to anxiety. Advances in neuroimaging and genetics allow for better identification of biomarkers, aiding diagnosis and therapy. This paper discusses the neurobiology of anxiety disorders and their clinical relevance, especially anxiety attacks. Material and methods: This study is a narrative review of literature from the last five years in Scopus and PubMed on anxiety disorders with panic attacks. English-language publications, including original papers, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and reviews, were considered. The aim was to provide a concise discussion of key neurobiological mechanisms, clinical concepts, and current therapeutic approaches. Results: Research indicates that amygdala hyperactivity and reduced hippocampal volume correlate with intensified anxiety symptoms. Genetic variants predisposing to anxiety disorders have been identified. Dysfunction in serotonergic and GABAergic transmission plays a key role in emotion regulation. Stressful events in childhood and adolescence can permanently alter brain development, increasing the risk of later disorders. Findings also show that different anxiety disorders have distinct neurobiological profiles and functional consequences. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders thus have a clear neurobiological basis, which can be identified through modern research methods. Genetic and environmental factors jointly increase the brain’s sensitivity to anxiety. Early psychological intervention is crucial, as it may prevent lasting changes in the nervous system Neurobiological differences between disorders highlight the need for individualized treatment. Current evidence supports the combined use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy targeting specific pathophysiological mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrycja Okoń, Aleksandra Nowak, Gabriela Nowak, Zofia Nurek (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of a life-threatening condition in a patient with paranoid schizophrenia a case report in the context of limited availability of therapy in Poland
Introduction: Schizophrenia represents a leading cause of acute psychotic episodes and is frequently associated with profound social dysfunction and in severe cases, it may result in conditions posing an immediate threat to life. Management typically involves biological treatment modalities combined with psychotherapy; however, a subset of patients develops treatment resistance. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains a key intervention for overcoming pharmacoresistance, despite its limited availability in Poland. Material and method: The article present a clinical case report and a literature review based on the MEDLINE database. Results: The case study concerns a 20-year-old woman who developed a severe, prolonged psychotic state as a consequence of treatment refusal. Owing to the critical clinical condition, confirmed pharmacoresistance and progressive secondary malnutrition, ECT was initiated as a life-saving measure under the principle of medical necessity. A marked improvement in mental status was observed after the first session. Upon completion of the full ECT course, the patient was discharged home in logical contact, without psychotic symptoms, with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Conclusions: The case supports the conclusion that ECT is an effective method for overcoming pharmacoresistance in acute psychosis and may constitute one of the most efficacious therapeutic options. In certain situations, the benefits of ECT outweigh those of pharmacotherapy alone. This case is of particular clinical relevance as it illustrates a life-saving application of ECT. The literature review further confirms the efficacy and safety of this treatment modality. Nevertheless, access to ECT in Poland remains insufficient and excessive ancillary procedural requirements reduce its cost-effectiveness, contributing to the persistence of this limitation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrycja Najda, Oliwia Rdzanek, Emilia Kamizela, Janusz Sauermann, Sylwiusz Niedobylski, Michał Próchnicki (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hope and burden of Alzheimer disease – a scoping review
Introduction: For more than the last forty years, positive psychology and hope researchers have investigated many populations. Their main targets were healthy adults or adults suffering from diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular conditions. A forgotten sample is the growing group of informal caregivers supporting persons suffering from cognitive decline (preclinical symptoms, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease). The aim of the present manuscript is to show the complexity of the construct of hope and its influence on the caregivers’ situation. Material and methods: In this study, a scoping review of works from 2015 to 2025 on hope and dementia was performed. The systematic search yielded twenty studies conducted on different subjects (patients, informal caregivers and patients’ spouses). Results: The studies offered different views on the matter due to their differing origins. Divergent fields of research have produced a complex picture of hope and resilience studies. Current research uses multiple tools based on self-report to neuroimaging. The studies sample populations of Western and minority groups. Therefore, it was possible to show a more generalised picture of the subject group. Conclusions: The review showed a great need for studies on caregivers and their well-being. The introduced Positive Psychology Interventions show an increase in quality of life of caregivers and decreased impact of the burden of disease. Existing models like PERMA+4 and the hope theory through personalised solutions, can enhance the well-being of the growing informal caregivers’ and sandwich population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Justyna Gerłowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of food additives in selected food products and their potentialimpact on mental health
Introduction: Food additives are commonly used to improve the taste, color, shelf life and texture of products. Although most of them are approved for use after safety assessments, there are still concerns regarding their impact on health, including mental functioning. The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze the presence of selected chemical substances in chosen food products and to discuss the hypothetical mechanisms of their effects on mental health. Material and methods: Fifteen food products were analyzed. The presence of chemical substances was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), a technique that enables the identification of compounds based on their characteristic absorption spectra. Results: The analysis revealed the presence of typical technological additives as well as trace chemical compounds, some of which may theoretically influence mental health, for example by altering perception, modulating glycemia or affecting memory and mood. FTIR was used as a screening method, which does not allow for definitive or quantitative identification of trace, atypical or controversial compounds. The obtained spectra may reflect both actual components and signals originating from the matrix, packaging, or library matching. Reports concerning some potentially harmful substances do not confirm their actual presence and require verification using confirmatory analytical methods. Conclusions: The results should therefore be interpreted with caution and further research is necessary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ewa Trzaskowska, Joanna Rog (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aquatic Biodiversity and Mental Health: Lack of Association Evidence from Empirical Studies and Global Research Trends
Introduction: Aquatic biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting ecosystem services, and enhancing human well-being. This study aimed to assess global research trends and empirical evidence on the relationship between aquatic biodiversity and mental health outcomes, while identifying thematic gaps and emerging areas of inquiry. Materials and methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (2014–2025) and analysed in R with Bibliometrix (Biblioshiny). From an initial 19,320 records, 159 highly cited original research articles were screened using the Rayyan systematic review platform, resulting in 10 eligible studies that directly examined human mental health in relation to aquatic biodiversity or blue space quality. Results: The study results show that research at this intersection remains limited, with mental health often treated as a secondary or indirect aspect within broader ecological or sustainability frameworks. Emerging but underexplored topics include emotional exhaustion, depression, and stress linked to the degradation of aquatic ecosystem and water insecurity. Content analysis of the 10 studies revealed no direct quantitative evidence linking measured aquatic biodiversity to mental health outcomes. Instead, perceived environmental quality and visible wildlife presence consistently predicted higher well­being and more frequent engagement with aquatic environments, suggesting that perceived biodiversity may serve as a key intermediary for psychological benefits. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for longitudinal, interdisciplinary research that integrates ecological metrics with psychological assessments. Strengthening collaboration among environmental scientists, psychologists, and public health experts will be essential to establishing an evidence-based frameworks linking aquatic biodiversity with mental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ovinuchi Ejiohuo, William Akuffo-Addo, Preye Edi, Cyril Onwuelazu Uteh, Helen Onyeaka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The lexicon of emotions and personality traits
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the emotion lexicon and the Big Five personality traits. This is the first psycholexical study to analyse the convergence of individual differences in personality traits and emotions. The aim and methods: The study employed a list of emotion descriptors presented as short sentences, allowing the measurement of predispositions to experience eleven emotions. Personality traits were assessed using the IPIP-50 questionnaire in its Polish adaptation. A total of 360 participants took part in this cross-sectional study. Results: Canonical analysis revealed four statistically significant, non-redundant canonical roots explaining the variance in personality traits and predispositions to experience emotions. There were two roots dominated by a single trait, whereas the other two represented personality types associated with different patterns of emotional experience. Emotional stability was linked to less frequent experiences of anxiety, sadness, distress, and shame. Intellect co-occurred with the experience of interest. Combinations of low versus high levels of Extraversion and greeableness correlated with individual differences in contempt, shame, and emotion regulation. Conclusions: The observed patterns partially confirm previous findings and highlight new relationships that had not been detected previously due to the use of tools measuring a limited range of emotions. The Big Five model explains only a part of the predispositions to experience emotions. A more comprehensive understanding of individual differences in emotions requires personality models developed from psycholexical research using a high-dimensional and inclusive approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oleg Gorbaniuk, Julia Gorbaniuk, Maciej Talewski (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytotherapy as an adjunctive tool in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a review of potential neuroregulatory and appetitogenic plants
Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder. Globally, eating disorders affect 25% of the population over the course of a lifetime and occur significantly more often in women than in men. AN is associated with high mortality, complications. The comorbidity of AN and depression highlights the need for a holistic therapeutic approach. Material and methods: This literature review was conducted on the basis of scientific articles published from 2013 to 2025. As sources were used:PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar using the following keywords: norexia nervosa, phytotherap, cannabinoids, Angelica archangelica, Artemisia absinthium. Results: Phytotherapy may support recovery and improve quality of life in patients with AN, which remains a therapeutic challenge despite the growing treatment options. This article explores phytotherapy as an adjunct to conventional therapy, offering clinicians guidance on natural supplements. Cannabinoids can stimulate appetite and mood, Angelica archangelica may help manage anemia and cognitive impairment, while Artemisia absinthium alleviates anorexia-related symptoms caused by zinc deficiency. These approaches highlight phytotherapy’s potential role in enhancing treatment effectiveness and supporting patient outcomes. Conclusions: Phytotherapy including cannabinoids, A. archangelica, and A. absinthium offers promising support in the treatment of AN. Cannabinoids may improve appetite and mood, A. archangelica supports the treatment of anemia and cognitive impairment, while A. absinthium helps alleviate symptoms of anorexia resulting from zinc deficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oliwia Burdan, Natalia Picheta, Julia Piekarz, Filip Gajewski, Grzegorz Kurec, Katarzyna Szklener (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forms of Expression of Love and the Intensity of Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas in a Group of Adult Poles
Introduction: Romantic relationships are a key component of an individual’s mental health and overall well-being. Attachment theory and Young’s early maladaptive schema theory indicate that early childhood experiences shape how close relationships are established in adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between forms of expressing love (distinguished on the basis of Chapman’s theory) and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas in a group of adult Poles in romantic relationships (the term “intensity of schemas” refers to the overall level of consolidation and the strength of the influence on an individual’s functioning of the beliefs underlying early maladaptive schemas). An additional objective was to determine whether the quality of a romantic relationship depends on the forms of expressing love and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas in the individual being assessed. Material and method: The study involved a group of 296 adult Poles in romantic relationships (aged between 18–70 years (M = 30.11; SD = 10.97); 65% women). Participants completed the following questionnaires: the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI); the Forms of Expression of Love Questionnaire (FOREM) and the Partnership Questionnaire (PFB). Since the distributions of the variables studied were not normal , non-parametric statistical methods were applied. Results: Retrospectively assessed paternal behaviors were found to be significantly associated with the development of early maladaptive schemas in two domains: Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits, whereas maternal behaviours, in the participants’ assessment, were significant for the development of two other schema domains: Impaired Autonomy and Performance and Other-Directedness. For the domain Overvigilance and Inhibition, both parents were perceived to have a comparable influence on the formation of schemas in this area. Higher intensity of early maladaptive schemas was associated with lower intensity of preferred forms of expressing love, particularly in the domains of physical touch, acts of service, quality time, and words of affirmation. Relationship quality was positively correlated with preferred forms of expression of love, whereas the intensity of early maladaptive schemas showed no significant association with relationship quality. Conclusions: 1. Higher intensity of early maladaptive schemas is linked to less frequent displays of intimacy in romantic relationships. This applies to four forms of expression of love: physical touch, acts of service, quality time, and words of affirmation. 2. A greater variety of intimacy expressions is positively related to the subjectively perceived quality of a romantic relationship.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Ewa Talarowska, Maria Frąckiewicz (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of trance phenomena in the process of treating traumatic experiences
Introduction: This article presents a case of trauma treatment using key elements of Ericksonian therapy - utilization and clinical hypnosis. The described approach aligns with current concepts indicating hypnosis as an effective tool in trauma therapy through the restructuring of memories and restoration of a sense of control. Material and methods: The case study describes a 42-year-old female patient with complex trauma, whose primary reason for seeking help was trismus. The symptom was treated not as an obstacle but as a potential resource, and clinical hypnosis was employed to facilitate access to unconscious healing mechanisms, enabling the therapeutic processing of traumatic memories. Results: The therapeutic process led to a redefinition of traumatic experiences - giving them a new meaning as a situation from which the patient could learn and gain a sense of control in her internal experience. Through the visualization technique and the symbolic categorization of memories, the patient was able to access emotions and subsequently integrate them. The symptom of trismus was resolved after three months of therapy. Conclusions: Clinical hypnosis was used as a framework for trauma treatment; trance phenomena, being a consequence of painful trauma (such as dissociation, regression, and amnesia), were viewed as helpful tools for the reconstruction and integration of experiences. Symptomatic trance became the starting point for the therapeutic trance; with change occurring through the focusing and narrowing of attention, as well as systematically returning control to the patient over the pace and scope of the work - which was crucial in cases where trauma had compromised the sense of agency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Zaborska, Katarzyna Szymańska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antidepressants and Sexual Health – How to Improve Patients’ Quality of Life?
Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with its prevalence continuously increasing. Consequently, more individuals are using antidepressants and experiencing various adverse effects. One of the important, yet often overlooked, side effect of depression pharmacotherapy is sexual dysfunction. This article aims to review sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant therapy, explore available management strategies, and highlight emerging therapeutic options. Materials and methods: A literature review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering publications from 2020 to 2024 focused on antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Open-access publications in English-language were included, comprising original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews. Results: The most frequently reported antidepressant-related sexual dysfunctions include decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, and erectile dysfunction. These effects are most often observed in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). A lower, though still relevant, risk is associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Medications such as vortioxetine, agomelatine, vilazodone, and bupropion offer promising therapeutic alternatives with a reduced risk of sexual side effects. Moreover, growing evidence supports the effectiveness of adjunctive and non-pharmacological interventions. Conclusions: Sexual dysfunctions significantly impair patients’ quality of life and often lead to treatment discontinuation and recurrence of depressive symptoms. Despite their prevalence, many patients do not report these symptoms due to embarrassment, which underscores the need for a conscious, empathetic approach from doctors. Active monitoring and implementing effective strategies to minimise these side effects without compromising antidepressant efficacy are essential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Weronika Maria Woźniak, Katarzyna Wiktoria Witczak, Zuzanna Winiarska, Marcin Wieleba, Ewelina Anna Soroka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sense of quality of life and professional burnout among nurses in the light of personality dimensions and stress coping strategies
Introduction: In healthcare occupations, stress and occupational burnout are common. Therefore, what can enhance nurses’ mental well-being and their quality of care despite the experienced stress and the risk of occupational burnout? Objective: This article aims to illustrate the nurse-based relationship between the life quality sense and occupational burnout, stress-coping styles, seniority, and dimensions of the MOA Personality and the Axiological Model (competence, relationships, and autonomy), new to psychology. Methods: The study involved 200 nurses aged 22 to 66, total surveys 218. The following research tools were used to measure the variables: new Modified Sense of Life Quality Questionnaire Z-KPJŻ, the CISS Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the ACL Adjective Checklist, and the MBI Maslach Burnout Inventory. Discussion: The correlation analysis showed that the sense of life quality is positively correlated with a task-oriented style and with all dimensions of the new Personality and Axiological Model. The sense of life connects negatively with an emotion-oriented coping style. Occupational burnout shows a positive correlation with the emotion-oriented coping style and a negative correlation with the competence and relationships of the MOA Model. The regression analysis demonstrated the MOA Model explained up to 29,4% of the sense of life quality. Conclusions: The results show that there is a relationship between stress coping styles and the dimensions of the new Personality and Axiology Model and the sense of life quality. The MOA Model is a stronger predictor of the sense of the life quality level than stress-coping strategies. The new MOA Personality and Axiological Model allows for a recognition of nurse's personality in a broader context and includes three dimensions: competence, relationships, and autonomy. Strategies that improve nurses’ stress-coping skills are very important in the leadership of a group and complex healthcare environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Mróz, Aleksandra Różańska, Julia Garus, Olimpia Brzostek, Kamil Greschütz, Julia Sampolska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploding Head Syndrome – A Puzzling Parasomnia: A Literature Review
Introduction: Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is a rarely diagnosed sleep disorder classified as a parasomnia. It is characterised by sudden auditory hallucinations resembling explosions, gunshots, or loud cracking sounds that occur during falling asleep or waking up. Although EHS seldom causes physical pain, it is often associated with severe anxiety and sleep disruption. Despite its relatively high prevalence, awareness of this disorder among physicians and patients is low. The aim and methods: The purpose of this article is to present the current state of knowledge about the EHS, its classification, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment methods. A literature review was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering publications from 1980–2025, searching for the following terms: exploding head syndrome, parasomnias, sleep disorders. Results: The incidence of EHS has not been clearly defined, while research results indicate that it may affect 10–52.7% of the population. Although the first descriptions of this disorder date back to the 17th century, the ICD Classification included this syndrome for the first time together with the criteria for its diagnosis in the last 11th edition. This syndrome may co-occur with other sleep disorders, neurological disorders, and mental disorders. The etiology remains unclear, but the most popular theories suggest that it may be related to abnormal brainstem activity, GABAergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission disturbances or sensory processing dysfunctions. Treatment is based mainly on psychoeducation, improved sleep hygiene, and in some cases, pharmacotherapy. Conclusions: EHS is an underdiagnosed disorder that requires further research. Increased awareness and better diagnostics can improve the quality of life of patients. Additional research is needed to investigate its mechanisms and effective treatment methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paulina Wróbel-Knybel, Klaudia Kister (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Differences in cognitive functioning between older and younger people with multiple myeloma
Introduction: The aim of the study was to illustrate the difference in how multiple myeloma and its treatment affect the cognitive functioning of both older and younger patients. Material and methods: The study involved the use of selected neuropsychological methods, i.e., experimental trials based on the Battery of Tests for Assessing Cognitive Functions PU1 and the Choynowski’s Memory Scale. Results: The interaction of health status and age appeared to be a differentiating factor between subjects under and over 65 years of age. Younger people with multiple myeloma displayed poorer performance in direct auditory memory compared to subjects of the same age without a cancer diagnosis. Similarly, regarding long-term verbal memory, patients in middle adulthood showed inferior performance in verbal memory as compared to those without multiple myeloma. Phonemic and semantic verbal fluency levels were also lower across some indicators in younger patients compared to older people with plasma cell myeloma. Better task performance by younger patients subjects with cancer was only noticeable in terms of short-term visual memory. Discussion and conclusions: Decreased cognitive functioning in the middle adulthood group was associated with a worse disease course. Although the disease progresses rapidly and is detected at an advanced stage, but this does not translate negatively into patient survival, which results from a good response to treatment, mainly bone marrow transplantation. The younger age group is also subjected to more aggressive forms of treatment, known as high-dose chemotherapy, which may be associated with their poorer condition and diminished mental and physical condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Measuring depression as a short-term state and as a trait: multilevel approach
Introduction: The Whole Trait Theory allows to conceptualise constructs as a short-term state and as a trait. Depression also can be understood in two ways as a short-term state and as a trait. The aim of the presented study was to verify the factor structure of depression scale at both the inter- and intra-individual levels and to examine the correlation between the density of depression state and depression as a trait. Material and methods: The study used the depression scale from the DASS-21, and conducted a diary study that lasted 14 days and was based on repeated measurements on a sample of 147 people (49.3% female, 50.7% male). The research was conducted as an online survey, with items displayed in random sequence for each person every day. Respondents reported daily on the intensity of their experience of depression. Results: A two-level confirmatory factor analysis proved that single-factor structures are the best way to explain the inter- and intra-individual variance of depression. The congeneric reliability for the measurement of depression as a state and as a density of states was high. The correlation between the average measurement of depression as a state and a single measurement of depression as a trait was very strong, thus providing empirical evidence of the Whole Trait Theory. Conclusions: The present study opens new possibilities for measuring depression in research and clinical practice using repeated measurements of depression as a state. The study of the dynamics of changes in depression states allows for more precise prediction of a person's tendency to experience depression.
Associations of Autistic Traits with Early Maladaptive Schemas by J. Young
Introduction: Associations between the severity of autistic traits and variables such as early maladaptive schemas (EMS) have not been widely studied to date. The purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in the intensity of individual EMS between individuals with and without a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to examine whether higher intensity of autistic traits in the ASD group is accompanied by higher intensity of individual early maladaptive schemas. Material and methods: The study involved 102 individuals with a mean age of 18 – 49 years (mean age: M = 29.47; SD = 7.79), including 51 individuals with an ASD diagnosis and 51 individuals not treated for Axis I or II mental disorders. The respondents were asked to fill in the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Test, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The median score for the AQ Test, which measures the intensity of autistic traits, was 30.14 (for the group of participants with an ASD diagnosis). Those with an ASD diagnosis scored higher in four of the five domains of early maladaptive schemas. The exception was the Other-Directedness domain. The respondents with an ASD diagnosis also scored higher on most EMS. Statistical significance was found for two schemas, i.e., Social Isolation/Alienation (p=0.0002*) and Emotional Inhibition (p=0.015). Statistically significant correlations between the intensity of autistic traits and EMS refer to the following domains (from the strongest relationship to the weakest): Overvigilance/Inhibition, Disconnection/Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy and Performance. Among the individual schemas, the order from the strongest relationship to the weakest was as follows: Social Isolation/Alienation, Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness, Dependence/Incompetence, Vulnerability to Harm or Illness, Absolute strictness/Punitiveness, Negativity/Pessimism, and Defectiveness/Shame. Conclusions: 1. In comparison to the control group , individuals with ASD diagnosis present significantly higher intensity of the following two early maladaptive schemas: Social Isolation/Alienation and Emotional Inhibition. 2. The intensity of autistic traits in the group with ASD diagnosis is correlated with both the intensity of the domains and schemas relating specifically to social isolation and emotional reactions.
Robot-mediated therapy: Emotion Recognition and Social Skills Trainingfor children with ASD. Analysis of the use of Zoomorphic Robot Brian - preliminary reports
Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the zoomorphic robot Brian in the therapy of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to standard therapist-led interventions. The assessment focused on the child's level of interest in the robot, willingness to respond to verbal commands given by the robot, adaptive behaviors, social communication, imitation during play, and recognition of emotional states presented by the robot. Materials and methods: The study included fourteen children, with a total of 116 therapy sessions conducted. Each child participated in four sessions with the zoomorphic robot and four sessions with a therapist. During the sessions, the children's responses to verbal commands, ability to recognize emotions, and skills in social communication and imitation were evaluated. Results: The study showed a significantly greater willingness of autistic children to respond to verbal commands given by the robot than to the same commands spoken by the therapist. Additionally, children with ASD demonstrated better recognition and naming of emotional states displayed on the robot’s face compared to those on a human face. Conclusions: In interaction with the robot, autistic children acquired and exhibited desired social communication and imitation behaviors more quickly than in traditional therapy conducted by a therapist. These results suggest that robots may serve as an effective tool to support the therapy of children with ASD.
Orthorexia in a population of Polish university students: prevalence aswell as demographic and psychological risk factors
Introduction: The number of publications on orthorexia is steadily increasing, however little is still known about the psychological risk factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the risk of orthorexia in a population of students doing various university courses, and to estimate psychological risk factors for orthorexia in this group. The relationships between the risk of orthorexia and demographic factors were also analyzed. Material and methods: The study was conducted on a group of 447 respondents (350 women, 97 men) aged 17-50 years (mean 22.34). The Polish version of the ORTO-15 scale with a threshold of 35 points was used to estimate the risk of orthorexia. Results: The risk of orthorexia was identified in 22.6% of the total study group. Gender, the course of study, being in a relationship and body mass index were unrelated to the risk of orthorexia. However, such risk was higher in those from singleparent families and those who exercise more often. The risk of orthorexia was increased by attachment anxiety and overall risk of eating disorders, and decreased by the preference for a physically active lifestyle. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support were unrelated. Conclusions: The risk of orthorexia is common in the population of Polish students, and is increased by a general tendency for eating disorders, insecurity in close relationships, and being raised in a single-parent family. Those at higher risk of orthorexia engage in physical activity more frequently, although they may derive less pleasure from it.
The major goal in treating diabetes is the effective metabolic control of the disease as well as avoiding hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia is an abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood (below 55 mg/dl (3.0 m/M)) and an intrinsic element in every diabetic’s life. Diabetics experience hundreds or even thousands symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycaemic episodes throughout their lives. Acute hypoglycaemic episodes may lead to convulsions, coma or even death. They increase the risk of trauma resulting from those episodes. Recurrent acute hypoglycaemic episodes may lead to changes in behaviour as well as cause the worsening of cognitive functions. Episodes of hypoglycaemia occur more often in people suffering from diabetes type 1, however the frequency of those episodes significantly increases with the duration of diabetes type 2 and the risk of occurrence of those episodes approaches the risk present in diabetes type 1. The occurrence of hypoglycaemia worsen the quality of patient’s life. The problem of hypoglycaemia in diabetes particularly concerns children, their parents and elderly people. The consequence of recurrent hypoglycaemia is more frequent occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms. Hypoglycaemia is also one of the main factors limiting the correct control of glycaemia in patients. Striving to achieve glycaemic targets should be individualised in many cases. Moderating the criteria of balancing carbohydrate metabolism in the case of elderly people may not be efficient to prevent hypoglycaemic incidents. An additional proceeding to effectively limit the risk of hypoglycaemic incidents among patients is educational activity.
Copyright (c) 2011 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
This article aims to analyze the Japanese concept of “Mottainai” and its possible new application.
A review of Internet addiction with regards to assessment method design and the limited parameters examined
“Internet addiction” (IAD) was formally introduced in the late 1990’s, and while it has not been extensively researched compared to other pathologies, it is significant enough to be considered for inclusion into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). [1,2]. Although many methods evaluating internet usage have been developed, a gold standard IAD test has not been recognized, and knowledge is therefore limited regarding the consequences of pathological internet use on a person’s well-being [3]. This article attempts to highlight a sample of the general IAD literature with regards to its shortcomings and its findings regarding sample population demographics, lifestyle, and predictive values.
Cardiac complications of antidepressants
Depressive disorders are an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. There are also a risk factor for death in patients suffering from ischemic heart disease. Modern antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) increase the safety of therapy in patients with depressive disorders, mainly through its favorable profile of adverse effects. Although they are not free from defects, and some risk of cardiac side effects exist, as confirmed by scientific reports.
Risk of Internet addiction among secondary school children
Introduction. The increasingly universal access to computers and the Internet has numerous positive aspects. However, the fact that using the Internet may also create a threat to the correct physical, psychological, intellectual, social or moral development, must not be overlooked. Aim. To assess the risk of Internet addiction among secondary school children in Bialystok Material and methods. The study was conducted from December 2010 to March 2011 among the students of 8 gymnasia in Bialystok. A group of 320 students aged 13-15 years was investigated with a questionnaire survey designed by the authors. Results. Most respondents had a computer with the Internet access at home (97.5%) and used the Internet every day (69.1%). Every tenth respondent declared that he or she always used the Internet longer than planned. Almost 10% of the respondents continually thought about what they would do after switching on the computer or logging in to the Internet. In the case of every eighth student, people from their immediate environment reproved them for spending too much time on the Internet. Internet-dependency was reported by 11.6% of the students , while 5.3 % devoted over 5 hours a day to using the Internet. Conclusion. To make it possible for computers and the Internet to play a useful role, education of children, youth, as well as their parents and guardians, in this field is necessary.
Health and welfare situation of the disabled and their families in their natural residential environment
The aim of this study was to assess the health and welfare situation of the disabled and their families in their natural residential environment. The study covered 199 persons with motor disability and their families. Ninentynine study participants lived in nursing homes, while 100 – in their family homes. The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey. The disabled who lived in nursing homes were mainly single women from rural environments, with primary education; their health problems were related to the disorders of motor organs and nervous system. Most of them either had limited independence and needed occasional care or were fully dependent and needed twenty-four-hour care. The surveyed disabled who lived in family homes came from urban environments and had secondary or university education. The welfare situation of the disabled living in family homes was positively affected by a high percentage of professionally active family members. Thanks to the support of their families, people with a limited independence that lived in family homes coped with their dis-ability and its psychological effects better than the disabled living in nursing homes.
the family of the person with a disability
Psychosocial effects of mandibular prognathism treatment with the use of bilateral sagittal split osteotomy
Mandibular prognathism is a dentofacial deformity, in which the most pronounced feature is mandibular anterior excess. Unfavorable psychosocial effect deriving from unaesthetic facial appearance is the major indication for treatment of dentofacial deformities but other important factors are disturbed mastication, speech, pain and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) is a popular technique among several methods utilized in tratment of dentofacial deformities including mandibular prognathism. The aim of this paper was the evaluation of impact of surgical correction of mandibular prognathism with use of BSSO on self-assessment of facial esthetics, mastication, general health, social interactions in conjunction with improvement of wellbeing. The material was the medical records of 54 patients treated for mandibular prognathism in The Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at The Medical University of Lublin. Two questionnaires and one psychological test were utilized to assess the orthodontic-surgical impact on patients’ physical and psychological function. In the evaluated group of patients considerable increase in self-assessment and self-confidence was noted after surgical treatment. They also pointed at better social interactions postoperatively in comparison with the presurgical period as well as less constraint during meal consumption. Moreover, speech improvement was noted in the evaluated group of patients. In conclusion, it was found that in majority of evaluated patients there was improvement of self-acceptance which reflects high degree of satisfaction obtained from the treatment.