Current Problems of Psychiatry
type: channel
description: ISSN: 2081-3910 e-ISSN: 2353-8627 Publication frequency: Starting in 2023, continuous publication in a single annual volume. Articles are published online individually, as soon as they have completed the editorial and production process. Previously, publication was quarterly. SUBMISSIONS - The authors should submit papers for the journal Current Problems of Psychiatry via the internet platform. Click to log in. Current Problems of Psychiatry is the successor to the annual journal Badania nad Schizofrenią/Research on Schizophrenia (ISSN 1428-3433). The journal publishes articles offering broad, multidisciplinary, scientific, and clinical perspectives on mental health disturbances. Articles should emphasize the biological, neural, and psychosocial determinants of these disorders, as well as their diagnosis and treatment. Submissions should be original research, clinical analyses, or reviews of current literature that generate new conclusions and identify new research directions. The Editorial Board is also interested in manuscripts that expand current knowledge of the pathophysiology of mental health disorders, particularly those considering genetic and molecular factors, somatic health, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological findings, cognitive functioning, the psychosocial environment of patients and new cultural factors related to digitalisation and online media in everyday life. The journal also welcomes work on new methods of diagnosing and treating mental health disorders, as well as studies developing prevention and psychoprophylactic strategies. Current Problems of Psychiatry aims to facilitate the integration and exchange of experience, and clinical knowledge among specialists representing various areas of research and clinical practice. A specialized panel appointed by the Minister of Science and Higher Education evaluated the journal and awarded it 70 points on the list of scientific journals published in the Minister of Science's announcement dated January 5…
publisher: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
language: en
publication name: Current Problems of Psychiatry
issn: 2081-3910
items: Compensatory Mechanism in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: The Paradox of Brain Connectivity
items: Pupillary reflex and retinal imaging as potential early biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder – a narrative review
items: Alexithymia in Transgender and Gender-Diverse People: A Scoping Review of an Emerging Field
items: Familism and Interpersonal Closeness as Determinants of the Adult Child’s Caregiving Relationship with a Mother Diagnosed with Cancer
items: Associations between features of eating disorders and the intensity and types of J. Young’s early maladaptive schemas in a group of young Poles
items: An Empirical Examination of the Association Between Alexithymia and Some Imaginal Characteristics: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
items: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and the Frequency and Severity of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents : A Clinical and Correlational Study
items: The role of lipid metabolism in cognitive functions among individuals with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study
items: Linguistic Manifestations of Predictive Coding Error Responses inPsychotic Disorders: An Integrative Review with Neurophysiological Evidence
items: The importance of cooperation in the treatment of schizophrenia-related psychoses. A review of research
items: EMDR Therapy as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review of Trauma-Focused Approaches
items: Where does this panic attack come from? - about anxiety, its types and forms of therapy - Narrative review
items: https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3199
items: Hope and burden of Alzheimer disease – a scoping review
items: Analysis of food additives in selected food products and their potential impact on mental health
items: Aquatic Biodiversity and Mental Health: Lack of Association Evidence from Empirical Studies and Global Research Trends
items: The lexicon of emotions and personality traits
items: Phytotherapy as an adjunctive tool in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a review of potential neuroregulatory and appetitogenic plants
items: Forms of Expression of Love and the Intensity of Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas in a Group of Adult Poles
items: Utilization of trance phenomena in the process of treating traumatic experiences
items: Antidepressants and Sexual Health – How to Improve Patients’ Quality of Life?
items: Sense of quality of life and professional burnout among nurses in the light of personality dimensions and stress coping strategies
items: Exploding Head Syndrome – A Puzzling Parasomnia: A Literature Review
items: Differences in cognitive functioning between older and younger people with multiple myeloma
items: Measuring depression as a short-term state and as a trait: multilevel approach
items: Associations of Autistic Traits with Early Maladaptive Schemas by J. Young
items: Robot-mediated therapy: Emotion Recognition and Social Skills Training for children with ASD. Analysis of the use of Zoomorphic Robot Brian - preliminary reports
items: Orthorexia in a population of Polish university students: prevalence as well as demographic and psychological risk factors
items: The problem of diabetic hipoglycaemia
items: Contexts of the “Mottainai” Concept

Compensatory Mechanism in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: The Paradox of Brain Connectivity
type: item
description: Introduction: Takotsubo syndrome is usually described as a transient stress-induced cardiomyopathy, although a growing body of evidence indicates that its pathophysiology also involves disturbances of the brain-heart axis. The aim of this study was to conduct a structured review of the literature on structural and functional brain connectivity changes in Takotsubo syndrome and to assess whether the observed discrepancies may be interpreted in terms of compensatory mechanisms. Material and methods: A structured literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases, supplemented by searches in Google Scholar and manual screening of the reference lists of key publications. The review included studies concerning Takotsubo syndrome, neuroimaging, stress, neuroplasticity, and the relationship between structural and functional connectivity. Results: The analysed studies indicate that patients with Takotsubo syndrome exhibit disturbances within the limbic-autonomic network, including, the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala and hippocampus, among others. The decoupling between functional and structural connectivity appears to be particularly important, as it does not correspond to a simple damage model. It is more likely that chronic stress first leads to functional destabilisation of systems regulating emotion and autonomic activity, followed only secondarily by slower structural remodelling. Such a pattern of changes may increase autonomic reactivity and the vulnerability of the brainheart axis to destabilisation during acute emotional stress, which has important clinical significance. Conclusions: Takotsubo syndrome may be interpreted as a disorder of dynamic regulation between the brain, the autonomic nervous system and the heart. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the temporal sequence of brain changes and their clinical significance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: neuropsychology
  topic: keywords
subject: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: neuronal plasticity
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Hubert Bukowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hubert Bukowski (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-07
publication date: 2026-07-07
starting page: 74
ending page: 87
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0006

Pupillary reflex and retinal imaging as potential early biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder – a narrative review
type: item
description: Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multilevel alterations in brain organization and function, leading to deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Current diagnosis relies primarily on behavioral phenotype assessment, which usually enables diagnosis no earlier than the second year of life. Objective ophthalmological methods, such as optical coherence tomography and pupillary light reflex assessment, do not require verbal or motor responses and may therefore be applicable in infants. This review summarizes recent clinical studies evaluating ophthalmic biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder and their clinical utility. Materials and methods: A structured review of English-language publications from 2020–2025 was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Following the removal of duplicates and screening based on titles and abstracts, study design and publication type, 68 records were included in the qualitative analysis. Results: Children with autism spectrum disorder showed significant differences in pupillary reflex parameters (including a larger baseline pupil diameter and altered latency of the response) and changes in retinal layer thickness on optical coherence tomography, particularly in the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer, indicating their potential as biomarkers of the disorder. Discussion and conclusions: Pupillary light reflex and optical coherence tomography findings may reflect autonomic dysregulation and atypical neural network development in autism spectrum disorder. However, limited specificity, heterogenity of results and small sample sizes indicate that these techniques should currently be considered supportive rather than independent diagnostic tools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Autism biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Early infantile autism
  topic: keywords
subject: Pupillary light reflex
  topic: keywords
subject: Autism early diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Oliwia Sidło
creator: Aleksandra Sapiaszko
creator: Klaudia Kister
creator: Dominika Skarbek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Oliwia Sidło, Aleksandra Sapiaszko, Klaudia Kister, Dominika Skarbek (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
starting page: 57
ending page: 73
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0005

Alexithymia in Transgender and Gender-Diverse People: A Scoping Review of an Emerging Field
type: item
description: Introduction: Alexithymia is a multidimensional psychological construct, acting as a personality trait marked by difficulties in identifying and expressing one’s own emotions. Recent research demonstrates that approximately 8–30% of the global population experience alexithymia, with higher rates among males than females. Studies on alexithymia in transgender and gender-diverse individuals remain limited, creating a significant gap in understanding of the prevalence and impact of alexithymia in these groups. The present scoping review aimed (1) to map existing research on the prevalence of alexithymia in transgender and gender-diverse individuals, and (2) to provide an overview of the role of alexithymia in the biopsychosocial functioning of both transgender and gender-diverse adolescents and adults. Materials and methods: The following databases EBSCO, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science have been searched to locate pertinent studies on alexithymia in transgender and gender-diverse populations. This review was preregistered (INPLASY202530004). No funding is associated with this research. Results: The findings reveal a very limited body of research on alexithymia in transgender and gender-diverse individuals, though evidence suggests that alexithymia may increase vulnerability to emotion-based psychopathologies (e.g., anxiety). Conclusions: Addressing alexithymia in transgender and gender-diverse populations may improve mental health assessment and support, potentially enhancing gender-affirming care. More targeted research is needed to develop inclusive and effective interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: alexithymia
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: non-binary
  topic: keywords
subject: transgender
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Mazur
creator: Paweł Larionow
creator: R. Michael Bagby
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 43
ending page: 56
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0004

Familism and Interpersonal Closeness as Determinants of the Adult Child’s Caregiving Relationship with a Mother Diagnosed with Cancer
type: item
description: Introduction: A parent’s cancer diagnosis constitutes a profound and disruptive stressor that destabilizes the structural and dynamic functioning of the family system. Increasingly, informal caregiving responsibilities for aging and chronically ill parents are undertaken by young adults, who must simultaneously navigate educational, professional, and developmental demands. Psychological variables such as familism and interpersonal closeness may play a significant role in shaping the quality and characteristics of the caregiving relationship. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether interpersonal closeness and the dimensions of familism can predict the quality of the caregiving relationship between an adult child and a mother diagnosed with breast cancer, as well as to compare the intensity of these variables between groups of young adults differing in their mothers’ health status. Method: The study involved 200 young adults, 50% of whom had a mother diagnosed with breast cancer. Three psychological instruments were used: the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale, the Familism Scale, the Caregiving Types of Aging Parents Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Conclusions: Young adults whose mothers were diagnosed with breast cancer reported higher levels of interpersonal closeness and higher scores on most dimensions of family values, while simultaneously reporting lower scores regarding the caregiving relationship. Interpersonal closeness proved to be a negative indicator of the caregiving relationship in both groups of young adults, although in the group with an ill mother it was most strongly associated with affective caregiving. The belief in the necessity of fulfilling family obligations was a negative indicator of the caregiving relationship in the group with an ill mother. In contrast, religiosity was a positive indicator of instrumental caregiving.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: interpersonal closeness
  topic: keywords
subject: oncological illness
  topic: keywords
subject: adulthood
  topic: keywords
subject: familism
  topic: keywords
subject: caregiving
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Kamila Walęcka-Matyja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-05-27
publication date: 2026-05-27
starting page: 26
ending page: 42
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0003

Associations between features of eating disorders and the intensity and types of J. Young’s early maladaptive schemas in a group of young Poles
type: item
description: Introduction: Patients suffering from eating disorders (EDs) have attracted particular interest among researchers and clinicians due to the exceptionally high mortality rates observed in this population.The first symptoms of EDs typically appear during adolescence and early adulthood, which may indicate the crucial role of early life experiences in their development.The aim of the study was to examine the associations between the intensity of early maladaptive schemas and the presence of eating disorder features in a group of young adults in Poland. Material and methods: The study included 231 participants: 75.5% women, 22.1% men. The mean age of the participants was 25.75(SD=7.79).Two questionnaires were used in the study:The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to assess eating disorder symptoms, and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) to measure the intensity of early maladaptive schemas. Results: Differences in the intensity of early maladaptive schemas between individuals with and without eating disorder symptoms were found across all 18 schemas. The study participants reporting eating disorder symptoms scored higher on all analyzed variables and schema domains. Statistically significant correlations were identified between the EMS and specific eating habits, with the strongest associations observed for Bulimia and Food Preoccupation. The intensity of individual schemas was more strongly differentiated by gender among participants without eating disorder symptoms than among those reporting such symptoms. Conclusions: 1. Individuals reporting symptoms of eating disorders display higher intensity of early maladaptive schemas compared to those not reporting such symptoms. 2. Specific maladaptive eating habits are associated with the intensity of EMS, allowing for the identification of distinct schema profiles linked to particular eating disorder symptoms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: exploding head syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: parasomnias
  topic: keywords
subject: sleep disorders
  topic: keywords
creator: Olga Dworczyńska
creator: Monika Ewa Talarowska-Dublicka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Olga Dworczyńska, Monika Ewa Talarowska-Dublicka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: 15
ending page: 25
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0002

An Empirical Examination of the Association Between Alexithymia and Some Imaginal Characteristics: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
type: item
description: Introduction: There is an ongoing debate among proponents of different alexithymia frameworks regarding whether impoverished imaginal processes constitute a core component of the alexithymia construct. The current study examined whether alexithymia was associated with fantasising for emotion regulation and a series of brief (day)dreaming indicators. Material and methods: A total of 271 Polish participants recruited from social media platforms completed a series of measures assessing alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20), fantasising for emotion regulation, (day)dreaming characteristics, psychological distress and well-being. A set of correlational, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses was used. Results: The Polish TAS-20 is characterised by the intended 3-factor structure, with acceptable-to-excellent statistical fit indices. While alexithymia levels were weakly linked to dreaming characteristics, they were not associated with one-item measures of daydreaming frequency or daydream content. Higher levels of alexithymia were related to more frequent use of fantasising for emotion regulation. This type of fantasising, alexithymia and psychological distress were positively interrelated. Conclusions: As a matter of clinical importance, we speculate that people high in alexithymia more frequently fantasise for emotion regulation, however, these attempts seem to be ineffective, highlighting their underlying deficits in imaginal processes. These findings ought to be considered in light of the study’s limitations. Future research requires supplementing self-report alexithymia measures with other methods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: alexithymia
  topic: keywords
subject: daydreaming
  topic: keywords
subject: fantasising
  topic: keywords
subject: imaginal processes
  topic: keywords
subject: Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Larionow
creator: Monika Mazur
creator: Karolina Mudło-Głagolska
creator: R. Michael Bagby
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Larionow, Monika Mazur, Karolina Mudło-Głagolska, R. Michael Bagby (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2026-0001

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and the Frequency and Severity of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents : A Clinical and Correlational Study
type: item
description: Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) constitutes a significant mental health problem in the adolescent population. These behaviors are defined as intentional damage to the body performed without the intention of ending one’s life and most often serve the function of regulating emotional tension. The literature indicates that one of the key factors associated with the occurrence of NSSI is difficulty in emotion regulation. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the severity of non-suicidal self-injury, understood as its frequency and severity, and the level of difficulties in emotion regulation among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Material and methods: The study had a cross-sectional design and was conducted between 2019 and 2022 among 205 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (aged 12–24 years). Difficulties in emotion regulation were assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), while the severity of NSSI was evaluated using the Self-Injury Trauma Scale (SIT), which includes the Number Index (NI) and the Severity Index (SI) of self-injury. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 28, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Positive, although weak, correlations were found between the overall level of difficulties in emotion regulation and both the number (r = 0.256; p = 0.001) and severity of self-injury (r = 0.204; p = 0.001). The strongest associations concerned difficulties in impulse control and problems with goal-directed behavior. Regression analysis showed that difficulty in impulse control was a significant predictor of both the number (β = 0.265; p = 0.009) and severity of self-injury (β = 0.220; p = 0.015). Conclusions: The obtained results confirm the important role of emotional dysregulation in the severity of NSSI behaviors among hospitalized adolescents. A deficit in impulse contr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: NSSI
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescents
  topic: keywords
subject: mental disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional dysregulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ewelina Drzał
creator: Natalia Kajka
creator: Klaudia Kister
creator: Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ewelina Drzał, Natalia Kajka, Klaudia Kister, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
starting page: 269
ending page: 288
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0024

The role of lipid metabolism in cognitive functions among individuals with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Introduction: Mental illnesses are frequently associated with metabolic dysregulation and chronic inflammation, which may exacerbates cognitive decline beyond typical aging processes. While the link between lipid profiles and brain health is welldocumented in the general population, this relationship remains complex and potentially non-linear in psychiatric patients due to the confounding effects of antipsychotic treatment and lifestyle factors. Material and methods: The study was conducted among individuals with mental disorders in day support centers in Lublin and Łęczna. 91 participants with diagnoses F20, F25, F22, F31, F32, F40F48, F60F69 were included in final analyses. Biochemical data (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) were collected and cognitive functions were assessed using STMS, VFT and RAVLT. Results: Dyslipidemia was identified in 79.1% of participants, with higher TG and TC concentrations observed in women than in men. Overall, elevated LDL-C levels were found in 55% of the participants, with no significant sex differences. While linear regression did not reveal significant associations, decision tree models (C&RT) showed that lower TG levels and aripiprazole treatment were the main predictors of better cognitive performance. However, these procognitive benefits were significantly moderated by body weight. In the SMI group, TG concentrations were higher than in the non-SMI group. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the association between lipid profiles and cognition in psychiatric patients is nonlinear and highly dependent on metabolic and pharmacological moderators. While aripiprazole showed a potential precognitive effect, this benefit was significantly attenuated by obesity and dyslipidemia, highlighting the necessity of integrated metabolic monitoring and weight management to preserve cognitive health in this population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cognitive functions
  topic: keywords
subject: lipids
  topic: keywords
subject: dyslipidemia
  topic: keywords
subject: SMI
  topic: keywords
creator: Urszula Łopuszańska
creator: Joanna Milanowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Urszula Łopuszańska, Joanna Milanowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 256
ending page: 268
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0023

Linguistic Manifestations of Predictive Coding Error Responses inPsychotic Disorders: An Integrative Review with Neurophysiological Evidence
type: item
description: Introduction: Disturbances in predictive coding are increasingly recognized as core mechanisms shaping perception, cognition, and language in mental disorders. However, the linguistic manifestations of prediction error responses have not been systematically integrated with neurophysiological findings. This review aims to synthesize how different forms of predictive error reactivity are expressed in language and how these patterns correspond to neural signatures. Material and methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMAScR guidelines, covering empirical and theoretical studies from PubMed and Scopus from 2010 up to 2026. Studies were included if they examined (1) a psychiatric population, (2) predictive coding or predictionerror mechanisms, (3) linguistic behavior at any structural level, and (4) behavioral and/or neurophysiological data. Extracted information underwent thematic synthesis using open, axial, and selective coding. Results: Thirteen publications met the inclusion criteria. Six recurring mechanisms of predictive error responses were identified: heightened prediction error precision, weakened prediction error signalling, impaired sensory-motor prediction, disruptions in hierarchical semantic-pragmatic prediction, deficits in predictive source monitoring, and global predictive instability. Each mechanism was associated with specific linguistic manifestations such as semantic entropy, discourse incoherence, and atypical lexical activation. Concurrently, corresponding neurophysiological indices were observed, including reduced N1/N400 modulation, converging with electrophysiological and neurodynamic evidence. Conclusions: Language provides a sensitive behavioural window into predictive processing disturbances in mental disorders. The correspondence between linguistic patterns and neurophysiological responses highlights the value of integrative, multilevel approaches for characterizing predictive coding dysfunction in clinical populations. These r…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: predictive coding
  topic: keywords
subject: prediction error
  topic: keywords
subject: language; neurophysiology
  topic: keywords
subject: psychiatry
  topic: keywords
creator: Michał Mazur
creator: Paweł Krukow
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Mazur, Paweł Krukow (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 245
ending page: 255
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0022

The importance of cooperation in the treatment of schizophrenia-related psychoses. A review of research
type: item
description: Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on factors determining cooperation in pharmacological treatment in people with schizophrenia. Method: A systematic review of the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for papers published from 1969 to 2024 was performed. Prospective, cross-sectional and retrospective studies as well as meta-analyses meeting methodological quality criteria were included in the analysis. Results: The percentage of non-cooperative patients ranges from approximately 20% to 56% in the literature, with an average level close to 41%. The most commonly identified predictors of non-cooperation are poorer insight into the illness, younger age, psychoactive substance use, and greater severity of positive and negative symptoms. Non-cooperation is associated with a significantly higher risk of relapse and rehospitalisation, as well as poorer social and occupational functioning. Positive attitudes towards pharmacotherapy, a good therapeutic relationship, and family support improve cooperation regardless of the level of insight, which justifies combining psychoeducational, relational, and environmental interventions with the optimization of pharmacological treatment. Conclusions: Cooperation in pharmacological treatment is a key, modifiable factor in the course of schizophrenia. Effective strategies require a multidimensional approach that includes psychoeducation, psychosocial support, improvement of the therapeutic alliance, minimisation of adverse effects, and the introduction of simpler and more convenient treatment plans. Further well-designed, prospective studies evaluating the long-term effectiveness of interventions that increase cooperation are needed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: schizophrenia
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: research review
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Błądziński
creator: Andrzej Cechnicki
creator: Przemysław Stankiewicz
creator: Dominik Lech
creator: Iga Plencler-Turakiewicz
creator: Monika Żwirska
creator: Aneta Kalisz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Błądziński, Andrzej Cechnicki, Przemysław Stankiewicz, Dominik Lech, Iga Plencler-Turakiewicz, Monika Żwirska, Aneta Kalisz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 233
ending page: 244
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0021

EMDR Therapy as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review of Trauma-Focused Approaches
type: item
description: Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder marked by chronic calorie restriction, distorted body image, and high mortality. Despite available treatments, long-term success is limited, with frequent relapses. Evidence suggests trauma-related factors play a key role in AN development and maintenance, emphasizing the need for innovative therapies. This review evaluates Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as an adjunct in AN treatment, especially for patients with trauma histories, and synthesizes current research on its effectiveness. Material and methods: A literature review from 2020-2025 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Selected studies include empirical research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses on EMDR’s role in treating AN and trauma. Methodological quality and relevance were assessed. Results: Originally used for treatment of PTSD, EMDR seems promising as a complementary approach in AN, particularly for those with traumatic backgrounds. Incorporating EMDR as an alongside standard treatments (e.g., CBT-E) improves BMI, reduces dissociative and psychopathological symptoms, and aids processing of negative beliefs and body image issues. Therapy EMDR targets unprocessed traumatic memories, enhancing emotional regulation and self-perception, and may reduce trauma-related symptoms, especially in complex cases involving childhood maltreatment. Conclusions: EMDR is a valuable adjunct in multidisciplinary AN treatment, aiding in trauma processing and symptom reduction. Further large-scale studies are needed to establish standardized protocols and integration strategies within comprehensive care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing)
  topic: keywords
subject: anorexia nervosa (AN)
  topic: keywords
subject: trauma and PTSD in eating disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: negative self-beliefs and body image disturbance
  topic: keywords
subject: comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Grzegorz Kurec
creator: Oliwia Burdan
creator: Filip Kazimierz Gajewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Grzegorz Kurec, Oliwia Burdan, Filip Kazimierz Gajewski (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-16
publication date: 2026-03-16
starting page: 226
ending page: 232
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0020

Where does this panic attack come from? - about anxiety, its types and forms of therapy - Narrative review
type: item
description: Introduction: Anxiety disorders are common mental health problems that impact social functioning and public health. They result from interactions between environmental, biological, and genetic factors. Research focuses on brain mechanisms and structural changes linked to anxiety. Advances in neuroimaging and genetics allow for better identification of biomarkers, aiding diagnosis and therapy. This paper discusses the neurobiology of anxiety disorders and their clinical relevance, especially anxiety attacks. Material and methods: This study is a narrative review of literature from the last five years in Scopus and PubMed on anxiety disorders with panic attacks. English-language publications, including original papers, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and reviews, were considered. The aim was to provide a concise discussion of key neurobiological mechanisms, clinical concepts, and current therapeutic approaches. Results: Research indicates that amygdala hyperactivity and reduced hippocampal volume correlate with intensified anxiety symptoms. Genetic variants predisposing to anxiety disorders have been identified. Dysfunction in serotonergic and GABAergic transmission plays a key role in emotion regulation. Stressful events in childhood and adolescence can permanently alter brain development, increasing the risk of later disorders. Findings also show that different anxiety disorders have distinct neurobiological profiles and functional consequences. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders thus have a clear neurobiological basis, which can be identified through modern research methods. Genetic and environmental factors jointly increase the brain’s sensitivity to anxiety. Early psychological intervention is crucial, as it may prevent lasting changes in the nervous system Neurobiological differences between disorders highlight the need for individualized treatment. Current evidence supports the combined use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy targeting specific pathophysiologic…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: panic disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: generalized anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: panic attack
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety disorders with panic attacks
  topic: keywords
creator: Patrycja Okoń
creator: Aleksandra Nowak
creator: Gabriela Nowak
creator: Zofia Nurek
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patrycja Okoń, Aleksandra Nowak, Gabriela Nowak, Zofia Nurek (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 209
ending page: 225
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0019

https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3199
type: item
title: The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of a life-threatening condition in a patient with paranoid schizophrenia a case report in the context of limited availability of therapy in Poland
description: Introduction: Schizophrenia represents a leading cause of acute psychotic episodes and is frequently associated with profound social dysfunction and in severe cases, it may result in conditions posing an immediate threat to life. Management typically involves biological treatment modalities combined with psychotherapy; however, a subset of patients develops treatment resistance. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains a key intervention for overcoming pharmacoresistance, despite its limited availability in Poland. Material and method: The article present a clinical case report and a literature review based on the MEDLINE database. Results: The case study concerns a 20-year-old woman who developed a severe, prolonged psychotic state as a consequence of treatment refusal. Owing to the critical clinical condition, confirmed pharmacoresistance and progressive secondary malnutrition, ECT was initiated as a life-saving measure under the principle of medical necessity. A marked improvement in mental status was observed after the first session. Upon completion of the full ECT course, the patient was discharged home in logical contact, without psychotic symptoms, with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Conclusions: The case supports the conclusion that ECT is an effective method for overcoming pharmacoresistance in acute psychosis and may constitute one of the most efficacious therapeutic options. In certain situations, the benefits of ECT outweigh those of pharmacotherapy alone. This case is of particular clinical relevance as it illustrates a life-saving application of ECT. The literature review further confirms the efficacy and safety of this treatment modality. Nevertheless, access to ECT in Poland remains insufficient and excessive ancillary procedural requirements reduce its cost-effectiveness, contributing to the persistence of this limitation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: schizophrenia
  topic: keywords
subject: electroconvulsive therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: convulsive therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Patrycja Najda
creator: Oliwia Rdzanek
creator: Emilia Kamizela
creator: Janusz Sauermann
creator: Sylwiusz Niedobylski
creator: Michał Próchnicki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patrycja Najda, Oliwia Rdzanek, Emilia Kamizela, Janusz Sauermann, Sylwiusz Niedobylski, Michał Próchnicki (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 196
ending page: 208
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0018

Hope and burden of Alzheimer disease – a scoping review
type: item
description: Introduction: For more than the last forty years, positive psychology and hope researchers have investigated many populations. Their main targets were healthy adults or adults suffering from diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular conditions. A forgotten sample is the growing group of informal caregivers supporting persons suffering from cognitive decline (preclinical symptoms, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease). The aim of the present manuscript is to show the complexity of the construct of hope and its influence on the caregivers’ situation. Material and methods: In this study, a scoping review of works from 2015 to 2025 on hope and dementia was performed. The systematic search yielded twenty studies conducted on different subjects (patients, informal caregivers and patients’ spouses). Results: The studies offered different views on the matter due to their differing origins. Divergent fields of research have produced a complex picture of hope and resilience studies. Current research uses multiple tools based on self-report to neuroimaging. The studies sample populations of Western and minority groups. Therefore, it was possible to show a more generalised picture of the subject group. Conclusions: The review showed a great need for studies on caregivers and their well-being. The introduced Positive Psychology Interventions show an increase in quality of life of caregivers and decreased impact of the burden of disease. Existing models like PERMA+4 and the hope theory through personalised solutions, can enhance the well-being of the growing informal caregivers’ and sandwich population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hope
  topic: keywords
subject: Alzheimer’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: burden of the disease
  topic: keywords
creator: Justyna Gerłowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Justyna Gerłowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 182
ending page: 195
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0017

Analysis of food additives in selected food products and their potential impact on mental health
type: item
description: Introduction: Food additives are commonly used to improve the taste, color, shelf life and texture of products. Although most of them are approved for use after safety assessments, there are still concerns regarding their impact on health, including mental functioning. The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze the presence of selected chemical substances in chosen food products and to discuss the hypothetical mechanisms of their effects on mental health. Material and methods: Fifteen food products were analyzed. The presence of chemical substances was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), a technique that enables the identification of compounds based on their characteristic absorption spectra. Results: The analysis revealed the presence of typical technological additives as well as trace chemical compounds, some of which may theoretically influence mental health, for example by altering perception, modulating glycemia or affecting memory and mood. FTIR was used as a screening method, which does not allow for definitive or quantitative identification of trace, atypical or controversial compounds. The obtained spectra may reflect both actual components and signals originating from the matrix, packaging, or library matching. Reports concerning some potentially harmful substances do not confirm their actual presence and require verification using confirmatory analytical methods. Conclusions: The results should therefore be interpreted with caution and further research is necessary.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: mood disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: food additives
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical substances
  topic: keywords
creator: Ewa Trzaskowska
creator: Joanna Rog
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ewa Trzaskowska, Joanna Rog (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 175
ending page: 181
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0016

Aquatic Biodiversity and Mental Health: Lack of Association Evidence from Empirical Studies and Global Research Trends
type: item
description: Introduction: Aquatic biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting ecosystem services, and enhancing human well-being. This study aimed to assess global research trends and empirical evidence on the relationship between aquatic biodiversity and mental health outcomes, while identifying thematic gaps and emerging areas of inquiry. Materials and methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (2014–2025) and analysed in R with Bibliometrix (Biblioshiny). From an initial 19,320 records, 159 highly cited original research articles were screened using the Rayyan systematic review platform, resulting in 10 eligible studies that directly examined human mental health in relation to aquatic biodiversity or blue space quality. Results: The study results show that research at this intersection remains limited, with mental health often treated as a secondary or indirect aspect within broader ecological or sustainability frameworks. Emerging but underexplored topics include emotional exhaustion, depression, and stress linked to the degradation of aquatic ecosystem and water insecurity. Content analysis of the 10 studies revealed no direct quantitative evidence linking measured aquatic biodiversity to mental health outcomes. Instead, perceived environmental quality and visible wildlife presence consistently predicted higher well­being and more frequent engagement with aquatic environments, suggesting that perceived biodiversity may serve as a key intermediary for psychological benefits. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for longitudinal, interdisciplinary research that integrates ecological metrics with psychological assessments. Strengthening collaboration among environmental scientists, psychologists, and public health experts will be essential to establishing an evidence-based frameworks linking aquatic biodiversity with mental health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: aquatic environment
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ovinuchi Ejiohuo
creator: William Akuffo-Addo
creator: Preye Edi
creator: Cyril Onwuelazu Uteh
creator: Helen Onyeaka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ovinuchi Ejiohuo, William Akuffo-Addo, Preye Edi, Cyril Onwuelazu Uteh, Helen Onyeaka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-16
publication date: 2026-01-16
starting page: 156
ending page: 174
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0015

The lexicon of emotions and personality traits
type: item
description: Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the emotion lexicon and the Big Five personality traits. This is the first psycholexical study to analyse the convergence of individual differences in personality traits and emotions. The aim and methods: The study employed a list of emotion descriptors presented as short sentences, allowing the measurement of predispositions to experience eleven emotions. Personality traits were assessed using the IPIP-50 questionnaire in its Polish adaptation. A total of 360 participants took part in this cross-sectional study. Results: Canonical analysis revealed four statistically significant, non-redundant canonical roots explaining the variance in personality traits and predispositions to experience emotions. There were two roots dominated by a single trait, whereas the other two represented personality types associated with different patterns of emotional experience. Emotional stability was linked to less frequent experiences of anxiety, sadness, distress, and shame. Intellect co-occurred with the experience of interest. Combinations of low versus high levels of Extraversion and greeableness correlated with individual differences in contempt, shame, and emotion regulation. Conclusions: The observed patterns partially confirm previous findings and highlight new relationships that had not been detected previously due to the use of tools measuring a limited range of emotions. The Big Five model explains only a part of the predispositions to experience emotions. A more comprehensive understanding of individual differences in emotions requires personality models developed from psycholexical research using a high-dimensional and inclusive approach.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: psycholexical approach
  topic: keywords
subject: emotions
  topic: keywords
subject: personality
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleg Gorbaniuk
creator: Julia Gorbaniuk
creator: Maciej Talewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oleg Gorbaniuk, Julia Gorbaniuk, Maciej Talewski (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 140
ending page: 146
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0013

Phytotherapy as an adjunctive tool in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a review of potential neuroregulatory and appetitogenic plants
type: item
description: Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder. Globally, eating disorders affect 25% of the population over the course of a lifetime and occur significantly more often in women than in men. AN is associated with high mortality, complications. The comorbidity of AN and depression highlights the need for a holistic therapeutic approach. Material and methods: This literature review was conducted on the basis of scientific articles published from 2013 to 2025. As sources were used:PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar using the following keywords: norexia nervosa, phytotherap, cannabinoids, Angelica archangelica, Artemisia absinthium. Results: Phytotherapy may support recovery and improve quality of life in patients with AN, which remains a therapeutic challenge despite the growing treatment options. This article explores phytotherapy as an adjunct to conventional therapy, offering clinicians guidance on natural supplements. Cannabinoids can stimulate appetite and mood, Angelica archangelica may help manage anemia and cognitive impairment, while Artemisia absinthium alleviates anorexia-related symptoms caused by zinc deficiency. These approaches highlight phytotherapy’s potential role in enhancing treatment effectiveness and supporting patient outcomes. Conclusions: Phytotherapy including cannabinoids, A. archangelica, and A. absinthium offers promising support in the treatment of AN. Cannabinoids may improve appetite and mood, A. archangelica supports the treatment of anemia and cognitive impairment, while A. absinthium helps alleviate symptoms of anorexia resulting from zinc deficiency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: anorexia
  topic: keywords
subject: cannabinoids
  topic: keywords
subject: phytotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Angelica archangelica
  topic: keywords
subject: Artemisia absinthium
  topic: keywords
creator: Oliwia Burdan
creator: Natalia Picheta
creator: Julia Piekarz
creator: Filip Gajewski
creator: Grzegorz Kurec
creator: Katarzyna Szklener
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oliwia Burdan, Natalia Picheta, Julia Piekarz, Filip Gajewski, Grzegorz Kurec, Katarzyna Szklener (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 147
ending page: 155
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0014

Forms of Expression of Love and the Intensity of Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas in a Group of Adult Poles
type: item
description: Introduction: Romantic relationships are a key component of an individual’s mental health and overall well-being. Attachment theory and Young’s early maladaptive schema theory indicate that early childhood experiences shape how close relationships are established in adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between forms of expressing love (distinguished on the basis of Chapman’s theory) and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas in a group of adult Poles in romantic relationships (the term “intensity of schemas” refers to the overall level of consolidation and the strength of the influence on an individual’s functioning of the beliefs underlying early maladaptive schemas). An additional objective was to determine whether the quality of a romantic relationship depends on the forms of expressing love and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas in the individual being assessed. Material and method: The study involved a group of 296 adult Poles in romantic relationships (aged between 18–70 years (M = 30.11; SD = 10.97); 65% women). Participants completed the following questionnaires: the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI); the Forms of Expression of Love Questionnaire (FOREM) and the Partnership Questionnaire (PFB). Since the distributions of the variables studied were not normal , non-parametric statistical methods were applied. Results: Retrospectively assessed paternal behaviors were found to be significantly associated with the development of early maladaptive schemas in two domains: Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits, whereas maternal behaviours, in the participants’ assessment, were significant for the development of two other schema domains: Impaired Autonomy and Performance and Other-Directedness. For the domain Overvigilance and Inhibition, both parents were perceived to have a comparable influence on the formation of schemas in this area. Higher intensity of early maladaptive schemas was associated with lower intensity of p…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: love languages
  topic: keywords
subject: early maladaptive schemas
  topic: keywords
subject: relationship quality
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Ewa Talarowska
creator: Maria Frąckiewicz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Ewa Talarowska, Maria Frąckiewicz (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
starting page: 127
ending page: 139
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0012

Utilization of trance phenomena in the process of treating traumatic experiences
type: item
description: Introduction: This article presents a case of trauma treatment using key elements of Ericksonian therapy - utilization and clinical hypnosis. The described approach aligns with current concepts indicating hypnosis as an effective tool in trauma therapy through the restructuring of memories and restoration of a sense of control. Material and methods: The case study describes a 42-year-old female patient with complex trauma, whose primary reason for seeking help was trismus. The symptom was treated not as an obstacle but as a potential resource, and clinical hypnosis was employed to facilitate access to unconscious healing mechanisms, enabling the therapeutic processing of traumatic memories. Results: The therapeutic process led to a redefinition of traumatic experiences - giving them a new meaning as a situation from which the patient could learn and gain a sense of control in her internal experience. Through the visualization technique and the symbolic categorization of memories, the patient was able to access emotions and subsequently integrate them. The symptom of trismus was resolved after three months of therapy. Conclusions: Clinical hypnosis was used as a framework for trauma treatment; trance phenomena, being a consequence of painful trauma (such as dissociation, regression, and amnesia), were viewed as helpful tools for the reconstruction and integration of experiences. Symptomatic trance became the starting point for the therapeutic trance; with change occurring through the focusing and narrowing of attention, as well as systematically returning control to the patient over the pace and scope of the work - which was crucial in cases where trauma had compromised the sense of agency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: psychological trauma
  topic: keywords
subject: psychotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical hypnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Zaborska
creator: Katarzyna Szymańska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Zaborska, Katarzyna Szymańska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 118
ending page: 126
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0011

Antidepressants and Sexual Health – How to Improve Patients’ Quality of Life?
type: item
description: Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with its prevalence continuously increasing. Consequently, more individuals are using antidepressants and experiencing various adverse effects. One of the important, yet often overlooked, side effect of depression pharmacotherapy is sexual dysfunction. This article aims to review sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant therapy, explore available management strategies, and highlight emerging therapeutic options. Materials and methods: A literature review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering publications from 2020 to 2024 focused on antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Open-access publications in English-language were included, comprising original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews. Results: The most frequently reported antidepressant-related sexual dysfunctions include decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, and erectile dysfunction. These effects are most often observed in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). A lower, though still relevant, risk is associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Medications such as vortioxetine, agomelatine, vilazodone, and bupropion offer promising therapeutic alternatives with a reduced risk of sexual side effects. Moreover, growing evidence supports the effectiveness of adjunctive and non-pharmacological interventions. Conclusions: Sexual dysfunctions significantly impair patients’ quality of life and often lead to treatment discontinuation and recurrence of depressive symptoms. Despite their prevalence, many patients do not report these symptoms due to embarrassment, which underscores the need for a conscious, empathetic approach from doctors. Active monitoring and implementing effective strategies to minimise these side effects with…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SSRI
  topic: keywords
subject: antidepressants
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: alternative treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Weronika Maria Woźniak
creator: Katarzyna Wiktoria Witczak
creator: Zuzanna Winiarska
creator: Marcin Wieleba
creator: Ewelina Anna Soroka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Weronika Maria Woźniak, Katarzyna Wiktoria Witczak, Zuzanna Winiarska, Marcin Wieleba, Ewelina Anna Soroka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-10-23
publication date: 2025-10-23
starting page: 108
ending page: 117
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0010

Sense of quality of life and professional burnout among nurses in the light of personality dimensions and stress coping strategies
type: item
description: Introduction: In healthcare occupations, stress and occupational burnout are common. Therefore, what can enhance nurses’ mental well-being and their quality of care despite the experienced stress and the risk of occupational burnout? Objective: This article aims to illustrate the nurse-based relationship between the life quality sense and occupational burnout, stress-coping styles, seniority, and dimensions of the MOA Personality and the Axiological Model (competence, relationships, and autonomy), new to psychology. Methods: The study involved 200 nurses aged 22 to 66, total surveys 218. The following research tools were used to measure the variables: new Modified Sense of Life Quality Questionnaire Z-KPJŻ, the CISS Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the ACL Adjective Checklist, and the MBI Maslach Burnout Inventory. Discussion: The correlation analysis showed that the sense of life quality is positively correlated with a task-oriented style and with all dimensions of the new Personality and Axiological Model. The sense of life connects negatively with an emotion-oriented coping style. Occupational burnout shows a positive correlation with the emotion-oriented coping style and a negative correlation with the competence and relationships of the MOA Model. The regression analysis demonstrated the MOA Model explained up to 29,4% of the sense of life quality. Conclusions: The results show that there is a relationship between stress coping styles and the dimensions of the new Personality and Axiology Model and the sense of life quality. The MOA Model is a stronger predictor of the sense of the life quality level than stress-coping strategies. The new MOA Personality and Axiological Model allows for a recognition of nurse's personality in a broader context and includes three dimensions: competence, relationships, and autonomy. Strategies that improve nurses’ stress-coping skills are very important in the leadership of a group and complex healthcare environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: competence
  topic: keywords
subject: relationships
  topic: keywords
subject: Personality and Axiology Model MOA
  topic: keywords
subject: nurses
  topic: keywords
creator: Barbara Mróz
creator: Aleksandra Różańska
creator: Julia Garus
creator: Olimpia Brzostek
creator: Kamil Greschütz
creator: Julia Sampolska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Mróz, Aleksandra Różańska, Julia Garus, Olimpia Brzostek, Kamil Greschütz, Julia Sampolska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: 100
ending page: 107
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0009

Exploding Head Syndrome – A Puzzling Parasomnia: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Introduction: Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is a rarely diagnosed sleep disorder classified as a parasomnia. It is characterised by sudden auditory hallucinations resembling explosions, gunshots, or loud cracking sounds that occur during falling asleep or waking up. Although EHS seldom causes physical pain, it is often associated with severe anxiety and sleep disruption. Despite its relatively high prevalence, awareness of this disorder among physicians and patients is low. The aim and methods: The purpose of this article is to present the current state of knowledge about the EHS, its classification, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment methods. A literature review was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering publications from 1980–2025, searching for the following terms: exploding head syndrome, parasomnias, sleep disorders. Results: The incidence of EHS has not been clearly defined, while research results indicate that it may affect 10–52.7% of the population. Although the first descriptions of this disorder date back to the 17th century, the ICD Classification included this syndrome for the first time together with the criteria for its diagnosis in the last 11th edition. This syndrome may co-occur with other sleep disorders, neurological disorders, and mental disorders. The etiology remains unclear, but the most popular theories suggest that it may be related to abnormal brainstem activity, GABAergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission disturbances or sensory processing dysfunctions. Treatment is based mainly on psychoeducation, improved sleep hygiene, and in some cases, pharmacotherapy. Conclusions: EHS is an underdiagnosed disorder that requires further research. Increased awareness and better diagnostics can improve the quality of life of patients. Additional research is needed to investigate its mechanisms and effective treatment methods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: exploding head syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: parasomnias
  topic: keywords
subject: sleep disorders
  topic: keywords
creator: Paulina Wróbel-Knybel
creator: Klaudia Kister
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paulina Wróbel-Knybel, Klaudia Kister (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 85
ending page: 99
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0008

Differences in cognitive functioning between older and younger people with multiple myeloma
type: item
description: Introduction: The aim of the study was to illustrate the difference in how multiple myeloma and its treatment affect the cognitive functioning of both older and younger patients. Material and methods: The study involved the use of selected neuropsychological methods, i.e., experimental trials based on the Battery of Tests for Assessing Cognitive Functions PU1 and the Choynowski’s Memory Scale. Results: The interaction of health status and age appeared to be a differentiating factor between subjects under and over 65 years of age. Younger people with multiple myeloma displayed poorer performance in direct auditory memory compared to subjects of the same age without a cancer diagnosis. Similarly, regarding long-term verbal memory, patients in middle adulthood showed inferior performance in verbal memory as compared to those without multiple myeloma. Phonemic and semantic verbal fluency levels were also lower across some indicators in younger patients compared to older people with plasma cell myeloma. Better task performance by younger patients subjects with cancer was only noticeable in terms of short-term visual memory. Discussion and conclusions: Decreased cognitive functioning in the middle adulthood group was associated with a worse disease course. Although the disease progresses rapidly and is detected at an advanced stage, but this does not translate negatively into patient survival, which results from a good response to treatment, mainly bone marrow transplantation. The younger age group is also subjected to more aggressive forms of treatment, known as high-dose chemotherapy, which may be associated with their poorer condition and diminished mental and physical condition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: memory
  topic: keywords
subject: medical neuropsychology
  topic: keywords
subject: chemobrain
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdalena Bury-Kamińska
creator: Aneta Borkowska
creator: Beata Daniluk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 73
ending page: 84
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0007

Measuring depression as a short-term state and as a trait: multilevel approach
type: item
description: Introduction: The Whole Trait Theory allows to conceptualise constructs as a short-term state and as a trait. Depression also can be understood in two ways as a short-term state and as a trait. The aim of the presented study was to verify the factor structure of depression scale at both the inter- and intra-individual levels and to examine the correlation between the density of depression state and depression as a trait. Material and methods: The study used the depression scale from the DASS-21, and conducted a diary study that lasted 14 days and was based on repeated measurements on a sample of 147 people (49.3% female, 50.7% male). The research was conducted as an online survey, with items displayed in random sequence for each person every day. Respondents reported daily on the intensity of their experience of depression. Results: A two-level confirmatory factor analysis proved that single-factor structures are the best way to explain the inter- and intra-individual variance of depression. The congeneric reliability for the measurement of depression as a state and as a density of states was high. The correlation between the average measurement of depression as a state and a single measurement of depression as a trait was very strong, thus providing empirical evidence of the Whole Trait Theory. Conclusions: The present study opens new possibilities for measuring depression in research and clinical practice using repeated measurements of depression as a state. The study of the dynamics of changes in depression states allows for more precise prediction of a person's tendency to experience depression.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: depression
  topic: keywords
subject: state
  topic: keywords
subject: trait
  topic: keywords
subject: DASS-21
  topic: keywords
subject: multilevel approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdalena Szwed
creator: Oleg Gorbaniuk
creator: Julia Buglińska
creator: Weronika Boreczek
creator: Mateusz Mazur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24
starting page: 65
ending page: 72
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0006

Associations of Autistic Traits with Early Maladaptive Schemas by J. Young
type: item
description: Introduction: Associations between the severity of autistic traits and variables such as early maladaptive schemas (EMS) have not been widely studied to date. The purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in the intensity of individual EMS between individuals with and without a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to examine whether higher intensity of autistic traits in the ASD group is accompanied by higher intensity of individual early maladaptive schemas. Material and methods: The study involved 102 individuals with a mean age of 18 – 49 years (mean age: M = 29.47; SD = 7.79), including 51 individuals with an ASD diagnosis and 51 individuals not treated for Axis I or II mental disorders. The respondents were asked to fill in the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Test, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The median score for the AQ Test, which measures the intensity of autistic traits, was 30.14 (for the group of participants with an ASD diagnosis). Those with an ASD diagnosis scored higher in four of the five domains of early maladaptive schemas. The exception was the Other-Directedness domain. The respondents with an ASD diagnosis also scored higher on most EMS. Statistical significance was found for two schemas, i.e., Social Isolation/Alienation (p=0.0002*) and Emotional Inhibition (p=0.015). Statistically significant correlations between the intensity of autistic traits and EMS refer to the following domains (from the strongest relationship to the weakest): Overvigilance/Inhibition, Disconnection/Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy and Performance. Among the individual schemas, the order from the strongest relationship to the weakest was as follows: Social Isolation/Alienation, Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness, Dependence/Incompetence, Vulnerability to Harm or Illness, Absolute strictness/Punitiveness, Negativity/Pessimism, and Defectiveness/Shame. Conclusions: 1. …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: early maladaptive schemas
  topic: keywords
subject: autism spectrum disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: autistic traits
  topic: keywords
creator: Agnieszka Borycka
creator: Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz
creator: Monika Ewa Talarowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-05-08
publication date: 2025-05-08
starting page: 47
ending page: 64
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0005

Robot-mediated therapy: Emotion Recognition and Social Skills Training for children with ASD. Analysis of the use of Zoomorphic Robot Brian - preliminary reports
type: item
description: Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the zoomorphic robot Brian in the therapy of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to standard therapist-led interventions. The assessment focused on the child's level of interest in the robot, willingness to respond to verbal commands given by the robot, adaptive behaviors, social communication, imitation during play, and recognition of emotional states presented by the robot. Materials and methods: The study included fourteen children, with a total of 116 therapy sessions conducted. Each child participated in four sessions with the zoomorphic robot and four sessions with a therapist. During the sessions, the children's responses to verbal commands, ability to recognize emotions, and skills in social communication and imitation were evaluated. Results: The study showed a significantly greater willingness of autistic children to respond to verbal commands given by the robot than to the same commands spoken by the therapist. Additionally, children with ASD demonstrated better recognition and naming of emotional states displayed on the robot’s face compared to those on a human face. Conclusions: In interaction with the robot, autistic children acquired and exhibited desired social communication and imitation behaviors more quickly than in traditional therapy conducted by a therapist. These results suggest that robots may serve as an effective tool to support the therapy of children with ASD.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: robot-assisted therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: human-robot interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: social robots
  topic: keywords
subject: autism spectrum disorder
  topic: keywords
creator: Barbara Szymona
creator: Marlena Jaworska
creator: Aleksandra Matyjasek-Koc
creator: Mariola Zygmuntowicz
creator: Robert Karpiński
creator: Iwona Dębińska
creator: Piotr Kuszta
creator: Kinga Szymona
creator: Konrad Niderla
creator: Marcin Maciejewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-03-05
publication date: 2025-03-05
starting page: 37
ending page: 46
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0004

Orthorexia in a population of Polish university students: prevalence as well as demographic and psychological risk factors
type: item
description: Introduction: The number of publications on orthorexia is steadily increasing, however little is still known about the psychological risk factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the risk of orthorexia in a population of students doing various university courses, and to estimate psychological risk factors for orthorexia in this group. The relationships between the risk of orthorexia and demographic factors were also analyzed. Material and methods: The study was conducted on a group of 447 respondents (350 women, 97 men) aged 17-50 years (mean 22.34). The Polish version of the ORTO-15 scale with a threshold of 35 points was used to estimate the risk of orthorexia. Results: The risk of orthorexia was identified in 22.6% of the total study group. Gender, the course of study, being in a relationship and body mass index were unrelated to the risk of orthorexia. However, such risk was higher in those from singleparent families and those who exercise more often. The risk of orthorexia was increased by attachment anxiety and overall risk of eating disorders, and decreased by the preference for a physically active lifestyle. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support were unrelated. Conclusions: The risk of orthorexia is common in the population of Polish students, and is increased by a general tendency for eating disorders, insecurity in close relationships, and being raised in a single-parent family. Those at higher risk of orthorexia engage in physical activity more frequently, although they may derive less pleasure from it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: orthorexia
  topic: keywords
subject: orthorexia nervosa
  topic: keywords
subject: eating disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: obsessive-compulsive disorders
  topic: keywords
creator: Paulina Banaszkiewicz
creator: Karolina Górnik-Horn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-02-17
publication date: 2025-02-17
starting page: 22
ending page: 36
doi: 10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0003

The problem of diabetic hipoglycaemia
type: item
description: The major goal in treating diabetes is the effective metabolic control of the disease as well as avoiding hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia is an abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood (below 55 mg/dl (3.0 m/M)) and an intrinsic element in every diabetic’s life. Diabetics experience hundreds or even thousands symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycaemic episodes throughout their lives. Acute hypoglycaemic episodes may lead to convulsions, coma or even death. They increase the risk of trauma resulting from those episodes. Recurrent acute hypoglycaemic episodes may lead to changes in behaviour as well as cause the worsening of cognitive functions. Episodes of hypoglycaemia occur more often in people suffering from diabetes type 1, however the frequency of those episodes significantly increases with the duration of diabetes type 2 and the risk of occurrence of those episodes approaches the risk present in diabetes type 1. The occurrence of hypoglycaemia worsen the quality of patient’s life. The problem of hypoglycaemia in diabetes particularly concerns children, their parents and elderly people. The consequence of recurrent hypoglycaemia is more frequent occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms. Hypoglycaemia is also one of the main factors limiting the correct control of glycaemia in patients. Striving to achieve glycaemic targets should be individualised in many cases. Moderating the criteria of balancing carbohydrate metabolism in the case of elderly people may not be efficient to prevent hypoglycaemic incidents. An additional proceeding to effectively limit the risk of hypoglycaemic incidents among patients is educational activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: hypoglycaemia
  topic: keywords
subject: low blood sugar
  topic: keywords
subject: acute complications of diabetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Marek Derkacz
creator: Iwona Chmiel-Perzyńska
creator: Andrzej Nowakowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2011 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
date: 2012-02-07
publication date: 2012-02-07
starting page: 569
ending page: 574

Contexts of the “Mottainai” Concept
type: item
description: This article aims to analyze the Japanese concept of “Mottainai” and its possible new application.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mottainai
  topic: keywords
subject: regret
  topic: keywords
subject: Japan
  topic: keywords
creator: Sylwia Olejarz
rights: Copyright (c) 2011 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
date: 2012-02-07
publication date: 2012-02-07
starting page: 565
ending page: 568