Keywords
uncircumcised male
vesicoureteral reflux
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are considered one of the most common infections that occur in the pediatric age group, leading to very serious morbidity and mortality. The detection of risk factors for urinary tract infection helps in the management and prevention of the recurrence of the infection. This study attempts to review current information on UTIs and determine different risk factors in association. To study the risk factors that are associated with recurrent urinary tract infection in different age groups of childhood among children attending AL Zahra Teaching Hospital.
A case-control study was conducted in AL Zahra Teaching Hospital during the period from October 1st, 2021, to July 30th, 2022. It included 76 children with highly suggestive histories, their examination, and results of the investigations (e.g. urine cultures), as well as 150 healthy children who were taken as controls. The controls were without a history of recurrent UTI and were similar to patients in age, sex and other risk factors that were mentioned in the study. A completed questionnaire was given to each child's mother, and then the results were analyzed.
The study showed that non educated mothers OR (3.2), vesicouetrerall reflux OR (3), uncircumcised male OR (2.94), female gender OR (2.7), age groups below than 6 years OR (2.4), low social class OR (2.1) and residency in rural area (OR 2.5) contributed to UTI issues.
When compared to control groups, non educated mothers and vesicoureteral reflux were highly significant risk factors, and other risk factors such as female gender, uncircumcised male, age less than 6 years, low social class and rural area were significant for febrile recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
References
1. Karmazyn BK, Alazraki AL, Anupindi SA, Dempsey ME, Dillman JR, Dorfman SR, et al. Expert panel on pediatric imaging: ACR appropriateness criteria, urinary tract infection-child.J Am Coll Radiol.2017;14(5S):362-71.
2. Clark CJ, Kennedy WA, II, Shortliffe LD. Urinary tract infection in children: When to worry.Urol Clin North Am. 2010;37(2):229-41.
3. Chang SL, Shortliffe LD. Pediatric urinary tract infections.Pediatr Clin North Am.2006;53(3):379-400.
4. Schlager TA. Urinary tract infections in infants and children.Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(5).
5. Larcombe J. Urinary tract infection in children.Am Fam Physician.2010;82(10):1252-6.
6. Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, Hon KL. Urinary tract infection in children.Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov.2019;13(1):2-18.
7. Schlager TA. Urinary tract infections in infants and children.Infect Dis Clin North Am.2003;17(2):353-65.
8. Robson WL, Leung AK, Boag GS. Common pediatric urological disorders: Clinical and radiological evaluation.Can Fam Physician.1991;37:889-900.
9. Keren R, Shaikh N, Pohl H, Gravens-Mueller L, Ivanova A, Zaoutis L, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection and renal scarring.Pediatrics. 2015;136(1):13-21.
10. Gondim R, Azevedo R, Braga AANM, Veiga ML, Barroso U. Risk factors for urinary tract infection in children with urinary urgency.Int Braz J Urol.2018;44(2):378-83.
11. Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2019;4(4):CD001534.
12. Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines.Eur Urol.2015;67(3):546-58.
13. White B. Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections in children.Am Fam Physician.2011;83(4):409-15.
14. Shaikh N, Ewing AL, Bhatnagar S, Hoberman A. Risk of renal scarring in children with a first urinary tract infection: A systematic review.Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):1084-91.
15. Panaretto K, Craig J, Knight J, Howman-Giles R, Sureshkumar P, Roy L. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in preschool children.J Pediatric Child Health. 1999;35(5):454-9.
16. Dias CS, Silva JM, Diniz JS, Lima EM, Marciano RC, Lana LG, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infections in a cohort of patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux.Pediatric Infect Dis J.2010;29(2):139-44
17. Shim YH, Lee JW, Lee SJ. The risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection in infants with normal urinary systems.Pediatr Nephrol.2009;24(2):309-12.
18. Mingin GC, Hinds A, Nguyen HT, Baskin LS. Children with a febrile urinary tract infection and a negative radiologic workup: factors predictive of recurrence.Urology. 2004;63(3):562-5.
19. Pennesi M, L’Erario I, Travan L, Ventura A. Managing children under 36 months of age with febrile urinary tract infection: a new approach.Pediatr Nephrol.2012;27(4):611-5.
20. Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials.JAMA. 2007;298(2): 179-86.
21. Swerkersson S.Urinary tract infection in small children: aspects of bacteriology, vesicoureteral reflux and renal damage. A doctoral thesis submitted to the Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy.University of Gothenburg; 2016. [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/41837](access: 18.08.2022).
22. Hidas G, Billimek J, Nam A, Soltani T, Kelly MS, Selby B, et al. Predicting the risk of breakthrough urinary tract infections: Primary vesicoureteral reflux.J Urol.2015;194(5):1396-401.
23. Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H, Hoyer PF. Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the International Reflux Study in Children.Pediatr Nephrol. 2006; 21(6):785-92.
24. Kavitha J, Aravind MA, Jayachandran G, Priya S. Risk factors for urinary tract infection in pediatric patients.Int J Contemp Pediatr.2018;5:184-9.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors