Abstract
Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes (NPS) belong to a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the nervous system. NPS occur as a result of immunological reaction to the tumor. As a result, the isolated syndrome is formed and manifests itself in many different ways, for example: limbic encephalitis, ataxia, dominant cerebellar degeneration, psychiatric disturbances, myasthenia gravis or diffuse encephalomyelitis. Detection of NPS is solely based on the presence of specific anti-neural antibodies. Although NPS had been previously considered unresponsive to therapy, some research has shown that there are effective therapies, including cancer- and immunotherapy targeted therapies.References
1. Vogrig A, Gigli GL, Segatti S, Corazza E, Marini A, Bernardini A, et al. Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a population-based study. J Neurol. 2020;267(1):26-35.
2. Hébert J, Riche B, Vogrig, A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Joubert B, Picard G, et al. Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides in France. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflam. 2020;7:E883.
3. Ejma M. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Family Med Primary Care Rev. 2012;14: 447-52.
4. Graus F, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:795-801.
5. Molina-Garrido MJ, Guillén-Ponce C, Martínez S, Guirado-Risueño M. Diagnosis and current treatment of neurological paraneoplastic syndromes. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006;8(11):796-801.
6. Liapi A, Herrera Gómez R, Sakeliades E, Sariwalaza I. EP974 Review of three cases of high grade serous ovarian cancer associated with cerebellar atrophy and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. IJGC. 2019;29:A516-A517.
7. Altabakhi IW, Babiker HM. Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519523/
8. Vogrig A, Gigli GL, Segatti S, Corazza E, Marini A, Bernardini A, et al. Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a population-based study. J Neurol. 2020;267(1):26-35.
9. Honnorat J, Viaccoz A. New concepts in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Rev Neurol. 2011;167:729-36.
10. Gozzard P, Maddison P. Which antibody and which cancer in which paraneoplastic syndromes? Pract Neurol. 2010;10:260-270.
11. Williams JP, Carlson NG, Greenlee JE. Antibodies in autoimmune human neurological disease: Pathogenesis and immunopathology. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(3):267-77.
12. Devine MF, Kothapalli N, Elkhooly M, Dubey D. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: clinical presentations and management. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020;14:1-19.
13. Liblau R, Benyahia B, Delattre JY. The pathophysiology of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Ann Med Interne. 1998;149(8):512-520.
14. Miao S, Liao S, Li H, Niu B, Hu H, Qian Y, et al. Retrospective study of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes in a Chinese Han population from Shandong, East China. Int J Neurosci. 2018;128(9):821-7.
15. van Coevorden-Hameete MH, van Beuningen SFB, Perrenoud M, Will L, Hulsenboom E, Demonet J, et al. Antibodies to TRIM46 are associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2017;4(9):680-6.
16. Kwiatkowski S, Kolasińska K, Knap B, Przystupski D, Kotowski K, Bartosik W, et al. An overview of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes–pathophysiology and clinical insight. WSN. 2018,108:87-98.
17. Honnorat J. Onconeural antibodies are essential to diagnose paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2006;183:64-8.
18. Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. The immunobiology of autoimmune encephalitides. J Autoimmun. 2019;104:102339.
19. Vernino S. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;103:215-23.
20. Madhavan AA, Carr CM, Morris PP, Flanagan EP, Kotsenas AL, Hunt CH, et al. Imaging review of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes. AJNR. 2020;41(12):2176-87.
21. Sakai K. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Brain Nerve. 2010;62(4):357-64.
22. Newman MP, Blum S, Wong R, Scott J, Prain K, Wilson R, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis. Intern Med J. 2016;46(2):148-57.
23. Shen K, Xu Y, Guan H, Zhong W, Chen M, Zhao J, Li L, Wang M. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with lung cancer. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6792.
24. Budhram A, Leung A, Nicolle MW, Burneo JG. Diagnosing autoimmune limbic encephalitis. CMAJ. 2019;13;191(19):E529-E534.
25. Liu CY, Zhu J, Zheng XY, Ma C, Wang X. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A severe, potentially reversible autoimmune encephalitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:6361479.
26. Williams TJ, Benavides DR, Patrice KA, Dalmau JO, de Ávila AL, Le DT, et al. Association of autoimmune encephalitis with combined immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for metastatic cancer. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(8):928-33.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Authors