Keywords
antidepressants
atypical mechanisms
novel strategies
Abstract
Although vast scientific progress has been made, the current pharmacotherapy of depression is still not fully effective. In adults, depressive disorders are among the most common diseases in industrialized countries, impact upon all aspects of family and working life and significantly disturb social functioning. Moreover, increasingly, they affect children and teenagers.
Depressive disorders have a complex etiology. This includes a number of mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the current review concentrates on bringing to the foreground the many molecular areas involved in occurrence of this disease. The work highlights the notion that depression has a complex pharmacology and inevitably requires the adoption of individual pharmacotherapy. This manuscript concentrates on currently used drugs drawn from diverse therapeutic groups and presents new promising targets for the treatment of depression. This is a particularly important issue due to the continuous lack of effective therapy and the constant search for new drugs and molecular targets for its treatment.
References
1. World Health Organization. World Mental Health Day DEPRESSION: A Global Crisis. 2012.
2. Donohue MR, Luby J. Depression. The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier Science Ltd. 2016:366-73.
3. Smith K. Mental health: a world of depression. Natur. 2014;515:181.
4. Hagen EH. Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56:716-26.
5. Peng G, Tian J, Gao X, Zhou Y, Qin X. Research on the pathological mechanism and drug treatment mechanism of depression. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(4):514-23.
6. Maes M, Yirmyia R, Noraberg J, Brene S, Hibbeln J, Perini G, et al. The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: Leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis. 2009;24:27-53.
7. Evans DL, Charney DS, Lewis L, Golden RN, Gorman JM, Krishnan KRR, et al. Mood disorders in the medically ill: Scientific review and recommendations. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:175-89.
8. Barnes NM, Sharp T. A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology. 1999;38(8):1083-152.
9. Berger M, Gray JA, Roth BL. The Expanded Biology of Serotonin. Annu Rev Med. 2009;60(1):355-66.
10. Goluch-Koniuszy Z, Fugiel J. Rola składników diety w syntezie wybranych neurotransmiterów. KOSMOS. 2016;65(4):523-34.
11. Kazula A. Mechanizmy działania selektywnych inhibitorów wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI) w depresji. Farm Pol. 2014; 70(12):711-24.
12. Nutt DJ, Baldwin DS, Clayton AH, Elgie R, Lecrubier Y, Montejo AL, et al. The role of dopamine and norepinephrine in depression and antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67: 46-9.
13. Aggarwal S, Mortensen O V. Overview of monoamine transporters. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2017;79:12.16.1-12.16.17.
14. Gillman PK. Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151(6):737-48.
15. Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A. Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-70.
16. Blier P, El-Mansari M. Serotonin and beyond: Therapeutics for major depression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;368(1615): 20120536.
17. Jeleń A, Sałagacka A, Ballcerczak E. Charakterystyka wybranych mechanizmów molekularnych wpływających na farmakokinetykę i farmakodynamikę leków przeciwdepresyjnych. Postep Hig Med Dosw. 2015;69:753-62.
18. De Monte C, D’Ascenzio M, Guglielmi P, Mancini V, Carradori S. Opening New Scenarios for Human MAO Inhibitors. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2016;16(2):98-104.
19. Youdim MB, Edmondson D, Tipton KF. The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Revi Neurosci. 2006;7(4):295-309.
20. Carradori S, Petzer JP. Novel monoamine oxidase inhibitors: A patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2015;25(1):91-110.
21. Jarema M, Dudek D, Landowski J, Heitzman J, Rabe-Jabłońska J, Rybakowski J. Trazodon-lek przeciwdepresyjny: mechanizm działania i miejsce w leczeniu depresji. Psychiatr Pol. 2011;45(4): 611-25.
22. Horst WD, Preskorn SH. Mechanisms of action and clinical characteristics of three atypical antidepressants: venlafaxine, nefazodone, bupropion. J Affect Disord. 1998;51(3):237-54.
23. DeVane CL, Grothe DR, Smith SL. Pharmacology of antidepressants: focus on nefazodone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(1):10-7.
24. Basgiouraki E, Papazisis G, Apostolidis A, Goulas A. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the novel antidepressant vortioxetine. Aristotle Univ Med J. 2016;43(3).
25. Wang S-M, Han C, Lee S-J, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae C-U. Vilazodone for the Treatment of Depression: An Update. Chonnam Med J. 2016;52(2):91.
26. Wysokiński A, Kłoszewska I. Wilazodon – nowy wielofunkcyjny lek przeciwdepresyjny. Psychiatria. 2013;10(2):72-5.
27. Croom KF, Perry CM, Plosker GL. Mirtazapine: A review of its use in major depression and other psychiatric disorders. CNS Drug. 2009;23(5):427-52.
28. Zupancic M, Guilleminault C. Agomelatine: A preliminary review of a new antidepressant. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(12):981-92.
29. Anttila S, Leinonen E. A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine. CNS Drug Rev. 2001;7(3):249-64.
30. Brogden R, Heel R, Speight T, Avery G. Mianserin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs. 1978;16(4):273-301.
31. Quera-Salva M-A, Lemoine P, Guilleminault C. Impact of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on disturbed sleep–wake cycles in depressed patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2010;25(3):222-9.
32. Prymus A, Krzystanek M, Bednarska-Półtorak K, Krupka-Matuszczyk I. Agomelatine – new possibility in treatment of affective disorders and sleep disorders. Probl Med Rodz. 2009;11(1).
33. Roberts RJ, Lohano KK, El-Mallakh RS. Antipsychotics as antidepressants. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2016;8(3):179-88.
34. Ostroff RB, Nelson JC. Risperidone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(4):256-9.
35. Meltzer HY. Update on Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs. Annu Rev Med. 2013;64(1):393-406.
36. Suttajit S, Srisurapanont M, Maneeton N, Maneeton B. Quetiapine for acute bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:827-38.
37. Wasik A, Koałczkowski M, Wesoołwska A. Lurasidon - Nowy atypowy neuroleptyk o właściwościach przeciwdepresyjnych. Psychiatria. 2014;11(1):1-8.
38. Permoda-Osip A, Rybakowski J. Koncepcja glutaminergiczna chorób afektywnych. Glutamatergic conception of mood disorders. Psychiatr Pol. 2011;45(6):875-88.
39. Tokarski K, Kusek M, Sowa J, Bobula B. Receptory 5-HT7 a patofizjologia chorób afektywnych i działanie leków przeciw-depresyjnych. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2014;68:1104-13.
40. Dziugieł R. Ketamina w walce z depresją, czyli stary anestetyk w nowej odsłonie. Probl Nauk Med i Nauk o Zdrowiu. 2019;10:25-32.
41. Tibensky BN, de Léséleuc L, Perras C, Picheca L. Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression. CADTH Issues in Emerging Health Technologies. 2016;176
42. Kaur U, Pathak BK, Singh A, Chakrabarti SS. Esketamine: a glimmer of hope in treatment-resistant depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019
43. Palazidou E. The neurobiology of depression. Br Med Bull. 2012;101:127-45
44. Wagstaff AJ, Ormrod D, Spencer CM. Tianeptine: A review of its use in depressive disorders. CNS Drug. 2001;15(3):231-59.
45. Brink CB, Harvey BH, Brand L. Tianeptine: a novel atypical antidepressant that may provide new insights into the biomolecular basis of depression. Recent pat CNS Drug Discov. 2006;1:29-41.
46. Alamo C, García-Garcia P, Lopez-Muñoz F, Zaragozá C. Tianeptine, an atypical pharmacological approach to depression. Rev Psiquiatr y Salud Ment. 2019;12(3):170-86.
47. McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, et al. The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): From monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation. Mol Psychiatr. 2010;15(3):237-49.
48. Madison CA, Eitan S. Buprenorphine: Prospective novel therapy for depression and PTSD. Psychol Med. 2020;50(6):881-93.
49. Lutz PE, Kieffer BL. Opioid receptors: Distinct roles in mood disorders. TINS. 2013;36(3):195-206.
50. Bodkin JA, Zornberg GL, Lukas SE, Cole JO. Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15(1):49-57.
51. Karp J, Butters M, Begley A, Miller M, Lenze E, Blumberger D, et al. Safety, tolerability, and clinical effect of low-dose buprenorphine for treatment-resistant depression in midlife and older adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):e785-93.
52. Yovell Y, Bar G, Mashiah M, Baruch Y, Briskman I, Asherov J, et al. Ultra-low-dose buprenorphine as a time-limited treatment for severe suicidal ideation: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(5):491-8.
53. Stoll A, Rueter S. Treatment augmentation with opiates in severe and refractory major depression. Am J Psychiatr. 1999;156(12):2017.
54. Serafini G, Adavastro G, Canepa G, De Berardis D, Valchera A, Pompili M, et al. The efficacy of buprenorphine in major depression, treatment-resistant depression and suicidal behavior: A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2018:19(8).
55. Toll L, Bruchas MR, Calo’ G, Cox BM, Zaveri NT. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor structure, signaling, ligands, functions, and interactions with opioid systems. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68(2):419-57.
56. Rorick-Kehn LM, Witkin JM, Statnick MA, Eberle EL, McKinzie JH, Kahl SD, et al. LY2456302 is a novel, potent, orally-bioavailable small molecule kappa-selective antagonist with activity in animal models predictive of efficacy in mood and addictive disorders. Neuropharmacol. 2014;77:131-44.
57. Broom DC, Jutkiewicz EM, Folk JE, Traynor JR, Rice KC, Woods JH. Convulsant activity of a non-peptidic δ-opioid receptor agonist is not required for its antidepressant-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacol. 2002;164(1):42-8.
58. Broom DC, Jutkiewicz EM, Folk JE, Traynor JR, Rice KC, Woods JH. Nonpeptidic δ-opioid receptor agonists reduce immobility in the forced swim assay in rats. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;26(6):744-55.
59. Dripps IJ, Jutkiewicz EM. Delta opioid receptors and modulation of mood and emotion. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2018;247:179-97.
60. Crippa JA, Guimarães FS, Campos AC, Zuardi AW. Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2009.
61. Schier A, Ribeiro N, Coutinho D, Machado S, Arias-Carrion O, Crippa J, et al. Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol: A chemical compound of cannabis sativa. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(6):953-60.
62. Dulava SC, Janowsky DS. Cholinergic regulation of mood: From basic and clinical studies to emerging therapeutics. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(5):694-709.
63. Adzic M, Brkic Z, Mitic M, Francija E, Jovicic MJ, Radulovic J, et al. Therapeutic strategies for treatment of inflammation-related depression. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(2):176-209.
64. World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva; 2017.
65. Ionescu DF, Papakostas GI. Experimental medication treatment approaches for depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7(3):e1068.
66. Won E, Kang J, Choi S, Kim A, Han KM, Yoon HK, et al. The association between substance P and white matter integrity in medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9707.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Authors