Keywords
metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis
hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Abstract
Locally advanced gastric cancer with a high risk of intraperitoneal progression is characterized by poor prognosis. After radical surgery, most patients die during the first two years post-operation as a result of disease progression. The prevailing type of progression and the leading cause of death in patients with gastric cancer is implantation metastasis.
The main risk factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis in such patients include: gastric tumor invasion into serosa, the presence of tumor cells in peritoneal washings, the largeness of the tumor as accompanied by extensive serous lesions, infiltrative type of tumor growth, histological variants of gastric cancer prone to implantation metastasis and metastatic lesions in regional lymph nodes. Systemic chemotherapy does not provide effective eradication of subclinical peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.
The vast majority of patients who suffer from locally advanced gastric cancer and run a high risk of implantation metastasis are characterized by subclinical peritoneal dissemination at primary diagnosis, which means a rapidly fatal prognosis for such patients. In recent years, however, the paradigm of treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer has changed: a combination of surgery and adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is used increasingly, and presents an alternative to the previously accepted surgery only approach. It is also likely to increase the survival rate.
References
1. Siewert JR, Bottcher K, Stein HJ et al. Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer: ten-year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study. Ann Surg. 1998;228(4):449-461.
2. Lim L, Michael M, Mann GB, Leong T. Adjuvant therapy in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(25):6220-6232.
3. Yoo CH, Noh SH, Shin DW et al. Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2000;87(2):236-242.
4. Nered SN, Klimenkov AA. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer with a high risk of implantation metastasis. Questions Oncology. 2005;51(1):75-80.
5. Koga S, Kaibara N, Itsuka Y et al. Prognostic significance of intraperitoneal free cancer cells in gastric cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1984;108:236-238.
6. Van den Tole P, Van Rossen E, Van Eijck C et al. Reduction of peritoneal trauma by using non surgical gauze leads to less implantation metastases of spilled tumour cells. Ann Surg. 1998;227(2):242-248.
7. Chen S, Cai MY, Chen YB et al. Serosa-penetration in human T4aN0M0 gastric carcinoma correlates with worse prognosis after D2 gastrectomy. Chin Med J. 2012;125(6):1158-1162.
8. Maekawa S, Saku M, Maehara Y et al. Surgical treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996;43(7):178-186.
9. Arhelger SW. Advances in diagnosis and management of gastric cancer: II. Trends in the management of gastric csncer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1957;7:161-170.
10. Cunningam D, Allum WH, Stenning SP et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastro-esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(1):11-20.
11. MacDonald JS, Malley SR, Benedetti J et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(10):725-730.
12. Wu CW, Lo Wu SS, Shen KH et al. Incidence and factors associated with recurrence patterns after intended curative surgery for gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2003;27(2):153-158.
13. Bentrem D, Wilton A, Mazumdar M et al. The value of peritoneal cytology as a preoperative predictor in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(5):347-353.
14. Saito H, Kuroda H, Matsunaga T et al. Prognostic indicators in node-negative advanced gastric cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101(7):622-625.
15. Maehara Y, Hasuda S, Koga T et al. Postoperative outcome and sites of recurrence in patients following curative resection of gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 2000;87(3):353-357.
16. Marrelli D, Roviello F, de Manzoni G et al. Different patterns of recurrence in gastric cancer depending on Lauren’s histological type: longitudinal study. World J Surg. 2002;26(9):1160-1165.
17. Roviello F, Marrelli D, de Manzoni G et al. Prospective study of peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 2003;90(9):1113-1119.
18. Li H, Zhang SW, Liu J et al. Review of clinical investigation on recurrence of gastric cancer following curative resection. Chin Med J. 2012;125(8):1479-1495.
19. Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind Ch, International Union against Cancer. TNM: Classification of malignant tumors, 7th edition, 2009. Chichester, West Sussex, UK, Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell;2010:310.
20. Schwarz RE, Zagala-Nevarez K. Recurrence patterns after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer: prognostic factors and implications for postoperative adjuvant therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9(4):394-400.
21. Skoropad VY, Berdov BA. Influence of the morphological structure of stomach cancer on patterns of recurrence and metastasis. Questions Oncology. 2009;55(1):60-65.
22. La Torre M, Ferri M, Giovagnoli MR et al. Peritoneal wash cytology in gastric carcinoma. Prognostic significance and therapeutic consequences. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(10):982-986.
23. Nered SN. Surgical and combined treatment of gastric cancer with a high risk of implantation metastasis and resected gastric cancer: Authoref. of thesis on scientific degree dr. med. sciences. Moscow;2004:21 p.
24. D’Ugo D, Persiani R, Ojetti V et al. Prediction of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. The 8th International gastric cancer congress (IGCC): abstract book. – Krakow (Poland), 2009, 58.
25. Bando E, Yonemura Y, Takeshita Y et al. Intraoperative lavage for cytological examination in 1297 patients with gastric carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1999;178(3):256-262.
26. Kaibara N, Iitsuka Y, Kimura A et al. Relationship between the area of serosal invasion and prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 1987;60(1):136-139.
27. Ikeguchi M, Kondou A, Oka A et al. Effects of continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion on prognosis of gastric cancer with serosal invasion. Eur J Surg. 1995;161:581-586.
28. Adachi Y, Yasuda K, Inomata M et al. Pathology and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. Well versus poorly differentiated type. Cancer. 2000;89(7):1418-1424.
29. Skoropad VY, Berdov BA. Clinico-morphological parallels in patients with gastric cancer. Questions Oncology. 2009;55(2):165-170.
30. Fukagawa T, Katai H, Saka M et al. Significance of lavage cytology in advanced gastric cancer patients. World J Surg. 2010;34(3):563-568.
31. Moriguchi S, Maehara Y, Korenaga D et al. Risk factors which predict pattern of recurrence after curative surgery for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Surg Oncol. 1992;1(5):341-346.
32. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association: Japanese classification of gastric cancer. – 2nd English ed. Gastric Cancer. 1998;1(1):10-24.
33. Nered SN, Klimenkov AA, Stilidi IS. Signet-ring cell gastric cancer: clinical and morphological aspects, the results of surgical treatment and prognosis. Questions Oncology. 2006;52(3):294-300.
34. Ohtsu A, Yoshida S, Saijo N. Disparities in gastric cancer chemotherapy between the East and West. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(14): 2188-2196.
35. Hermans J, Bonenkamp JJ, Boon MC et al. Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(8):1441-1447.
36. Janunger KG, Hafstrom L, Glimelius B. Chemotherapy in gastric cancer: a review and updated meta-analysis. Eur J Surg. 2002;168(11):597-608.
37. Sacuramoto S, Sasako M, Yamaguchi T et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(18):1810-1820.
38. Fujitani K, Sasako M, Iwasaki Y et al. A phase II study of preoperative chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin followed by gastrectomy for clinically respectable type 4 and large type 3 gastric cancer: JCOG 0210. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4609 abstract. [2007 ASCO Meeting proceedings (post-meeting edition)].
39. Yoshikawa T, Omura K, Kobayashi O et al. A phase II study of preoperative chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin followed by D2/D3 gastrectomy for clinically serosa-positive gastric cancer (JACCRO GC-01 study). Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(6):546-551.
40. Sugarbaker PH, Yonemura Y. Clinical pathway for the management of resectable gastric cancer with peritoneal seeding: best palliation with a ray of hope for cure. Oncology. 2000;58(2):96-107.
41. Chua TC. Progress in the combined modality management of peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(7):728-729.
42. Weisberger AS, Levine B, Storaasli JP. Use of nitrogen mustard in treatment of serous effusions of neoplastic origin. J Am Med Assoc. 1955;159(18):1704-1707.
43. Kimura T, Koyama Y. Preventive chemotherapy after radical operations in stomach cancer. Adv Med Oncol. 1979;9:255-268.
44. Spratt JS, Adcock RA, Muskovin M et al. Clinical delivery system for intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 1980;40(2): 256-260.
45. Dedrick RL. Theoretical and experimental bases of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Semin Oncol. 1985;12(3):1-6.
46. De Roover A, Detroz B, Detry O et al. Adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal peroperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) associated with curative surgery for locally advanced gastric carcinoma. An initial experience. Acta Chir Belg. 2006;106(3):297-301.
47. Fujimoto S, Takahashi M, Mutou T et al. Successful intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion for the prevention of postoperative peritoneal recurrence in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 1999;85(3):529-534.
48. Yonemura Y, de Aretxabala X, Fujimura T et al. Intraoperative chemohyperthermic peritoneal perfusion as an adjuvant to gastric cancer: final results of a randomized controlled study. Hepatogastroenterol. 2001;48(42):1776-1782.
49. Kim JY, Rhew CH, Kim KS et al. Controlled clinical trial for the gastric carcinoma patients underwent surgery plus IHCP. The 3th International gastric cancer congress (IGCC): abstract book – Seoul (Korea). 1999;106.
50. Xu DZ, Zhan YQ, Sun XW et al. Meta-analysis of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;18:2727-2730.
51. Yan TD, Black D, Sugarbaker PH et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy for respectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(10):2702-2713.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Authors