Keywords
depression
anhedonia
antidepressants
rodents
Abstract
Unpredictable chronic mild stress model was developed as an animal model of depression more than 20 years ago. Essential for this model is that after prolonged exposure of tested animals to a series of unpredictable mild stressors, a condition similar to anhedonia develops, which is observed in the majority of depressive disorders. Unpredictable chronic mild stress model is used nowadays in numerous studies related to the neurobiological and biochemical changes associated with depressive illness. Their results confirm that chronic unpredictable mild stress induces in tested animals a number of changes, which reflect those seen in depressive disorders. Because the effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress can be used in a more accurate diagnosis of the pathophysiology of depressive illness and expand knowledge of its pharmacotherapy, therefore research in this area has been continued all the time.
References
1. Bravo L. et al.: Pain exacerbates chronic mild stress-induced changes in noradrenergic transmission in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 24 (6), 996-1003, 2013.
2. Crema L.M. et al.: The effect of unpredictable chronic mild stress on depressive-like behavior and on hippocampal A1 and striatal A2A adenosine receptors. Physiol. Behav., 109, 1-7, 2013.
3. de Andrade J.S. et al.: Chronic unpredictable mild stress alters an anxiety-related defensive response, Fos immunoreactivity and hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Behav. Brain Res., 1, 250, 81-90, 2013.
4. Drevets W.C.: Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression: implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 11 (2), 240-249, 2001.
5. Farooq R.K. et al.: Is unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) a reliable model to study depression-induced neuroinflammation? Behav. Brain Res., 23, 130-137, 2012.
6. Guan S. Z. et al.: Chronic unpredictable mild stress impairs erythrocyte immune function and changes T-lymphocyte subsets in a rat model of stress-induced depression. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 37, 414-422, 2014.
7. Ibarguen-Vargas Y. et al.: Deficit in BDNF does not increase vulnerability to stress but dampens antidepressant-like effects in the unpredictable chronic mild stress. Behav. Brain Res., 202, 245-251, 2009.
8. Javelot H. et al.: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of dietary methyl donor deficiency combined with unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 261, 8-16, 2014.
9. Krishnan V., Nestler EJ.: The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature, 455, 894-902, 2008.
10. Kumar B., Kuhad A., Chopra K.: Neuropsychopharmacological effect of sesamol in unpredictable chronic mild stress model of depression: behavioral and biochemical evidences. Psychopharmacology, 214 (4), 819-828, 2011.
11. Li L.F.: Antidepressant-like effect of magnolol on BDNF up-regulation and serotonergic system activity in unpredictable chronic mild stress treated rats. Phytother. Res. 26 (8), 1189-1194, 2012.
12. Liu D. et al.: Resveratrol prevents impaired cognition induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 49, 21-29, 2013.
13. Luo J. et al.: Neotrofin reverses the effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress on behavior via regulating BDNF, PSD-95 and synaptophysin expression in rat. Behav. Brain Res., 253, 48-53, 2013.
14. Mao Q.Q. et al.: Piperine reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 34 (3), 403-408, 2014.
15. Mineur Y.S., Belzung C., Crusio W.E.: Effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress on anxiety and depression like behavior in mice. Behav. Brain Res., 175, 43–50, 2006.
16. Nestler E.J. et al.: Neurobiology of depression. Neuron, 34, 13-25, 2002.
17. Nollette C.: Learned helplessness. JEMS, 39 (2), 73, 2014.
18. O’Brien S.M., Scott L.V., Dinan T.G.: Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 19 (6), 397-403, 2004.
19. Parker K.J., Schatzberg A.F., Lyons D.M.: Neuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression. Horm. Behav., 43 (1), 60-66, 2003.
20. Pothion S. et al.: Strain differences in sucrose preference and in the consequences of unpredictable chronic mild stress. Behav. Brain Res., 155, 135-146, 2004.
21. Schweizer M.C., Henniger M.S., Sillaber I.: Chronic mild stress (CMS) in mice: of anhedonia, ‘anomalous anxiolysis’ and activity. PLoS One, 4 (1), e4326, 2009.
22. Su G.Y. et al.: Antidepressant-like effects of Xiaochaihutang in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. J Ethnopharmacol., 152(1), 217-226, 2014.
23. Taksande B.G.: Agmatine attenuates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced behavioral alteration in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 720 (1-3), 115-120, 2013.
24. Vollmayr B., Mahlstedt M.M., Henn F.A.: Neurogenesis and depression: what animal models tell us about the link. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 257 (5), 300-303, 2007.
25. Willner P., Muscat R., Papp M.: Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 16, 525-534, 1992.
26. Wu L.M. et al.: Chronic unpredictable stress decreases expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mouse ovaries: Relationship to oocytes developmental potential. PLoS One, 7 (12), e52331, 2012.
27. Yalcin I., Aksu F., Belzung C.: Effects of desipramine and tramadol in a chronic mild stress model in mice are altered by yohimbine but not by pindolol. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 514, 165-74, 2005.
28. Yalcin I., Belzung C., Surget A.: Mouse strain differences in the unpredictable chronic mild stress: a four-antidepressant survey. Behav. Brain Res., 193(1), 140-143, 2008.
29. Yan H.C. et al.: Fuzi polysaccharide-1 produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 13 (5), 623-633, 2010.
30. Yang C.R.: Foraging activity is reduced in a mouse model of depression. Neurotox. Res., 25 (3), 235-247, 2013.
31. Yang D. et al.: Reduced neurogenesis and pre-synaptic dysfunction in the olfactory bulb of a rat model of depression. Neuroscience, 192, 609-618, 2011.
32. Ye Y. et al.: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) infusion restored astrocytic plasticity in the hippocampus of a rat model of depression. Neurosci. Lett. 503, 15-19, 2011.
33. Zhang L. et al.: Effects of curcumin on chronic, unpredictable, mild, stress-induced depressive-like behaviour and structural plasticity in the lateral amygdala of rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 17(5), 793-806, 2014.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2014 Authors