SUBMISSIONS - Active access the editorial and publishing platform for authors and reviewers. Click to log in. ISSN: 1730-1912 e-ISSN: 2450-646X Quarterly The journal Nursing in the 21st Century has been regularly published since 2002. Nursing in the 21st Century is issued quarterly, and the subject matter of the published articles includes: nursing, midwifery and other health sciences. Indexing and Evaluation The journal is indexed in the prestigious databases ERIH PLUS, Scopus, Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citaiton Index. Journal Metrics: Journal Impact Factor (JIF) - 0.5 Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) - 0.19 CiteScore (Scopus) - 0,7 SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) - 0.18 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) - 0.218 The journal has been awarded 40 points in the list of scientific journals published by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Rejection rate: 43% Average number of weeks between article submission & publication: 25 (from January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025). Purchase of the archival edition (2017-2021) in paperback: online via e-mail: journals@umlub.edu.pl More...
Investigation of intercultural competence among nursing students: perspectives from Northern Cyprus
INVESTIGATION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE AMONG NURSING STUDENTS: PERSPECTIVES FROM NORTHERN CYPRUS Aim. This study aims to determine the intercultural effectivenesss, awareness and sensitivity of nursing students studying in Northern Cyprus. Material and methods. This study is a cross-sectional comparative study. The sample size for the study was determined using G*Power software, and convenience sampling method was used. The sample is constituted of nursing students(n= 406) from the nursing faculty.The study was reported in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Data were obtained through the use of Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Multicultural Awareness Scale, the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and Intercultural Effectiveness Scale. The data were analysed using SPSS 22.0 statistical programme. Results. The participants’ average scores were respectively: 49.79±12.76 on the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale, 16.46±5.22 on the Multicultural Awareness Scale, and 51.00±13.66 on the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. African students scored higher than Turkish students on the behavioural flexibility subscale(t=2.271; p=.024).Furthermore, it was found that fourth-year students possessed a higher level of interaction respect(F=3.905; p=.021) compared to second-year students. Conclusions. The intercultural effectiveness and sensitivity of nursing students were found below average, while multicultural awareness levels were relatively higher. The findings indicate significant differences based on nationalty, academic year, and international experiences. In this regard, integrating intercultural competence into all courses within the nursing curriculum and supporting international exchange programmes could enhance cultural competence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kemal Elyeli, Candan Ozturk (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Professional competencies of nurses in providing spiritual care
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF NURSES IN PROVIDING SPIRITUAL CARE Introduction. Spiritual needs are among the fundamental human needs, encompassing the spiritual realm and the emotional aspect of human existence. They are linked to the search for meaning, life’s purpose, relationships with others, and a relationship with God or a transcendent reality. Every member of the therapeutic team should recognise and support the spiritual dimension of a patient’s health, regardless of the patient’s religious beliefs. In clinical practice, it is often observed that patients’ spiritual needs are equated exclusively with religiosity or religious practices. As a result, responsibility for this area of care is shifted primarily to the clergy. Aim. To determine the level of competence of nursing staﬀ in the area of spiritual care. Material and methods. Adiagnosticsurveywasused astheresearch method.Thetool used wasthe Spiritual Care CompetenceScale(SCCS), consisting of 27 questions divided into five subscales. The second tool was an original survey questionnaire comprising 10 single-choice closed-ended questions. Data collection was conducted online using the CAWI technique. The study sample consisted of 102 participants. Approval for the study was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the State University of Applied Sciences in Krosno, No. 7/24. Results. The analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the nurses’ biological age and the following subscales: assessment and implementation of spiritual care (p<0.001), referral and consultation (p<0.001), professionalisation and improvement of the quality of spiritual care (p<0.001), and communication, individual support, and counselling (p=0.022). A statistically significant relationship also exists between years of experience and the following subscales: assessment and implementation of spiritual care (p=0.003), referral and consultation (p=0.039), and professionalisation and improvement of the quality of spiritual care (p=0.017). A statistically significant relationship was also found between nurses’ religious practices and the following subscales: assessment and implementation of spiritual care (p<0.001), referral and consultation (p<0.001), communication, individual support, and counselling (p=0.032), professionalisation and improvement of the quality of spiritual care (p<0.001). Conclusions. Nurses aged 30 and older with more than 10 years of work experience possess higher competencies in spiritual care. Nurses’ religious practices contribute to higher competencies in spiritual care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Renata Bernadeta Dziubaszewska, Dawid Makowicz, Małgorzata Moskal-Szybka, Klaudia Glazar (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceptions of artificial intelligence among nursing students: an exploratory study comparing full-time and part-time students
Aim. The study aimed to explore Slovenian nursing students’ perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and to compare differences between full-time and part-time students. Material and methods. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between 4 October and 12 December 2024 among 95 first-year nursing students at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. Perceptions were measured using a refined and validated Slovenian version of the Shinners Artificial Intelligence Perception (SHAIP) questionnaire. Results. The overall mean SHAIP score indicated a neutral perception of AI (M = 3.23 out of 5, SD = 0.69). No significant differences in the overall mean score were found between full-time and part-time students (p = 0.095), or between genders (p = 0.258). However, full-time students scored significantly higher on the Perception of Professional Impact factor (p = 0.031). Conclusions. Nursing students in Slovenia generally hold a neutral perception of Artificial Inteligence. Differences between full-time and part-time students suggest that the latter may be less aware of the professional impact of AI, which highlights the need for targeted training. The refined Slovenian version of the SHAIP instrument demonstrated adequate validity and reliability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Denis Černeka, Boštjan Žvanut (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Team approach and interprofessional collaboration in managing heart failure patients to improve health literacy
Aim. The paper explores the essential components of optimized heart failure care including interdisciplinary teamwork, intersectoral collaboration, comprehensive psychosocial and educational support, and the enhancement of health literacy as critical factors for achieving sustainable and patient-centered care. Material and methods. A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews in two phases. Phase one included experiences of nine patients and healthcare professionals, identifying barriers and shortcomings in the healthcare system. Phase two involved 23 healthcare professionals from all 12 Slovenian hospitals engaged in post-diagnosis care, emphasizing collaboration and patient navigation. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results. Key factors for optimizing care include early recognition of symptoms, patient empowerment, and improved health literacy for self-management and rehabilitation. Barriers were identified in accessibility and care coordination. Suggested improvements stressed the need for unified, high-quality care, continuous follow-up, and stronger communication across healthcare levels. Conclusions. Effective management of heart failure requires early detection, a multidisciplinary team approach and community support within a unified care structure. Challenges remain in accessibility, coordination and standardized guidance. For sustainable improvements, an integrated patient pathway involving all stakeholders is essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Greek version of the HERO-36 questionnaire
Aim. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the HERO-36 questionnaire for health professionals in 12 public hospitals in Attica, Greece. Material and methods. Linguistic and conceptual equivalence was achieved through a forward–backward translation process. A pilot test was conducted with 30 participants who completed the questionnaire twice, one week apart. Reliability was assessed through the use of Spearman correlation coefficients and Cronbach’s alpha. Additionally, six professionals practitioners (three nurses and three administrative staff) and a panel of five university experts reviewed the final version to enhance clarity and cultural relevance. Results. The HERO-36 questionnaire translated in Greek demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability (Spearman r>0.89, p < 0.001) and high internal consistency, except for two subscales: “Typical Practices” (α=0.91), “Atypical Practices” (α=0.95), and “Outcome Measures” (α=0.89). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of the original structure. Minor phrasing changes were made to improve understanding and cultural adaptation. Conclusions. The Greek version of the HERO-36 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing leadership and management practices among healthcare professionals during crises. It can be useful for research and team management in Greek hospitals, though further validation with larger, more diverse samples is recommended.
Task-shifting in Malaria management: The emerging role of nurses in rural Madagascar – case report and mini-review
Aim. The case presentation illustrating the role of nurses in malaria management in rural Madagascar and to discuss the implications of task shifting in low-resource settings. Material and methods. The present study analyzed the case of a 67-year-old woman with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, alongside a concise narrative review (2007-2025) on nurse-led malaria diagnosis and treatment. The patient was managed by trained nurses, who followed the national and WHO malaria guidelines. Results. The patient received intravenous artesunate (2.4 mg/kg at 0, 12, 24 h, then daily) and supportive therapy. Blood transfusion was withheld due to stability and limited supply. The patient improved and was discharged on the second day. Literature review confirmed that nurses and community health workers safely conduct RDT-based diagnosis and deliver ACTs when supported by supervision, training and supply chains, though challenges remain with RDT quality and stock-outs. Conclusions. Nurse-led malaria management is feasible and effective in resource-limited rural contexts. Task shifting can improve access and timeliness of care, provided that quality assurance, supervision and clear referral criteria are maintained.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical activity and pocket money as determinants of BMI and food purchases in school tuck shops and outside school among students aged 7-18 years
Aim. The study aimed to examine the relationship between food purchases in and outside school tuck shops and BMI in students aged 7-18 in Bielsko-Biała, as well as the influence of weekly physical activity and pocket money on BMI. Material and methods. The study on the purchase of food products was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire among 290 boys, 328 girls aged 7 to 18 years. Results. Incorrect body mass was noted in 26.4% of the study participants, wherein excessive body mass occurred four times as often among the participants as insufficient body mass. The analysis showed that pupils purchased buns, sandwiches and water several times a day, both inside and outside school. The analysis of all the food products purchased by pupils showed that children made purchases outside school statistically significantly more often than at school. Conclusions. Students purchase chips and chocolate bars more frequently outside of school than within school premises. They also buy products outside of school that are not available in the school’s offerings. Students’ physical activity, limited mainly to mandatory physical education classes, showed no significant association with BMI. BMI values are influenced by the amount of pocket money received by students.
Bedside ultrasonography in confirming and monitoring endotracheal tube placement: a narrative review and implications for nursing practice in Poland
Introduction. Effective and rapid confirmation of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement is vital for patient safety. Traditional methods such as capnography or chest auscultation have diagnostic limitations, especially in emergencies or at low pulmonary perfusion. The increasing use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) offers opportunities to expand nursing competencies. Aim. This narrative review presents ultrasound techniques used to confirm and monitor ETT placement, compares their effectiveness with classical methods, and evaluates their potential implementation in nursing practice. Material and methods. The review followed the SANRA guidelines. Databases PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (1992–2025) were searched, yielding 52 eligible publications. The analysed studies included randomized trials, prospective and cross-sectional studies, case series, and systematic or narrative reviews. Studies in which ultrasound was used only as an adjunct to intubation were excluded. Results. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) shows high accuracy in confirming ETT placement – many studies report sensitivity and specificity above 95%, with confirmation times of only a few seconds. Protocols such as TRUE and 5-AIR standardize the procedure and improve safety. Compared with capnography and auscultation, ultrasound is faster and less dependent on haemodynamics. Limitations include study heterogeneity, single-centre designs and risk of artefacts. Implementation in nursing practice requires structured training, immediate equipment access and clear team roles.
Care of patient undergoing continuous amnioinfusion due to pre-term, premature membrane rupture
Aim. The aim of this article is to present a care plan for a pregnant woman undergoing continuous amnioinfusion, based on an individual case study. Material and methods. The case study method was employed. A patient with preterm premature rupture of membranes is described. The care plan included interview techniques, medical documentation analysis, observation and C-HOBIC clinical nursing indicators. The case description was prepared according to CARE guidelines, utilizing ICNP® terminology integrated with WHO-FIC. Results. Significant challenges during continuous amnioinfusion resulted from prolonged hospitalization and reduced physical activity, generating increased need for emotional support, attentive communication and adequate therapeutic management. The patient experienced concerns regarding pregnancy risks, medical interventions and mental well-being deterioration, which complicated self-care. Applied nursing interventions resulted in complaint reduction. Conclusions. The presented care plan enabled implementation of individualized interventions, significantly facilitating the patient adaptation to new circumstances. Effective interdisciplinary collaboration positively influenced patient well-being. The study emphasizes the importance of evidence-based care that adequately responds to complex requirements of women at risk of preterm birth. This case study fills an important literature gap by providing a comprehensive, standardized care plan for a relatively rare obstetric complication.
Artificial intelligence in Punjab’s Province healthcare: a qualitative exploration of opportunities, challenges, and ethical perspectives
Aim. The study aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with Artificial Inteligence (AI) in Punjab’s healthcare system. Material and methods. The study adopted a qualitative ethnographic research. These included a combiation of observations and semi structured interviews. The study consisted of 9 interviews with various health practitioners in one hospital in Lahore. Thecollected data through both research approaches were subjected to open and closed coding procedures and subsequently synthesized to comprehensive conclusions. Results. There are opportunities in using AI for early disease detection, drug discovery, nursing care, image analysis, which can significantly improve the quality of care and speed up interventions. The potential of AI also helps with predictive analytics for public health planning and improve communication through natural language processing systems. In order to ensure responsible and equitable integration of AI, the study suggests testing AI frameworks in specific healthcare settings, strengthening ethical and data safeguards, investing in professional training, especially for nurses, and conducting cost-benefit analyses to guide implementation. Conclusions. PAI can significantly reduce workload, automate administrative tasks, and support personalized treatment. However, implementation requires overcoming barriers such as high costs, staff resistance and data security concerns. An ethical, inclusive approach and professional training are needed, especially for nurses which play a key role in bridging technology and patient care.
Retrospective analysis of parity and its impacton maternal and neonatal outcomes in term birth
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PARITY AND ITS IMPACT ON MATERNAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES IN TERM BIRTH Aim. The relationship between parity and pregnancy outcomes remains a relevant subject, as a woman’s obstetric history affects the assessment of risks associated with subsequent pregnancies and potential threats to the life and health of the mother and her child. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationships between parity and selected maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with term birth. Material and methods. This retrospective study was conducted between January 2017 and December 2021 using medical records from St. Sophia’s Specialist Hospital in Warsaw (Poland). We analysed 26862 cases of term births in the study period. Results. A higher odds ratio of thromboprophylaxis (OR=1.13), pre-eclampsia (OR=3.12), gestational hypertension (OR=1.58), hypothyroidism (OR=1.24), anaemia (OR=1.73), and intrauterine growth restriction (OR=1.93) was observed in primiparas giving birth at term. Multiparas significantly more frequently gave birth in a birthing centre, via vaginal delivery, and experienced perineal tears (p<0.05). Conclusions. In this study, primiparous women more frequently experienced selected periparturient complications and medical interventions during labour than multiparous women. Further studies, particularly those including adjusted analyses, are needed to better understand the observed differences and their clinical significance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Szyszka, Ewa Rzońca, Sylwia Rychlewicz, Natalia Grudziecka, Patryk Rzońca (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adherence to immunosuppressive medications in solid organ transplant recipients: a narrative review of influencing factors
Aim. This review aimed to assess immunosuppressive medication adherence and to identify influencing factors. The analysis of prior studies allowed for the formulation of recommendations concerning intervention strategies and methods to support adherence in transplant recipients. Material and methods. The search strategy was based on literature review of articles published from 1995 to 2023 in the PubMed. The following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: ‘Adherence’ or ‘Compliance’ or ‘Persistence’; ‘Immunosuppressive medications’; ‘Solid organ transplant recipients’. Articles were considered for review if they aligned with the specified objectives. Results. A meticulous literature search yielded 99 titles, with 29 manuscripts were eliminated and 70 were selected for analysis. Following consensus, 37 were excluded, leaving 33 manuscripts for review. The analysis highlighted a predominant focus on kidney transplant recipients among adults. Post-transplant periods varied up to 5 years. Conclusions. Adherence to immunosuppressive therapy is a complex, multifactorial process shaped by sociodemographic, psychological, therapy-related, healthcare system, and cultural factors. Both intentional and unintentional non-adherence remain significant challenges, particularly among high-risk groups such as adolescents. Effective strategies should combine simplified regimens, tailored education, psychosocial support and system-level solutions. Integrating these approaches into routine post-transplant care may enhance adherence and improve long-term outcomes, while future research should address the role of social determinants using standardized methodologies
Perceived risks to quality in community mental health care for socially marginalised adults in Slovenia: a qualitative stakeholder study
Aim. The provision of high-quality mental health care is a fundamental obligation of welfare states, a professional duty, and a basic human right. However, significant knowledge gaps persist at the intersection of patient needs and service delivery—particularly in relation to access, quality, and the effects of stigma and discrimination. These gaps disproportionately affect socially marginalised (SM) and medically vulnerable (HV) adults with mental disorders. This study investigates the perceived risks to the quality of community mental health (CMH) care for adults with mental disorders, as identified by various stakeholders. It further explores proposed measures for mitigating these risks. Material and methods. A qualitative design was employed, involving three focus groups with CMH professionals and 26 semi-structured interviews with service users, students, researchers, experts, and policy makers. Results. The perceived risks were categorised into six thematic domains, while the proposed measures were organised into eight strategic categories. Several of the proposed actions hold broader relevance for improving CMH care and service equity beyond the national context. Conclusions. The findings highlight the urgent need to establish local CMH action groups and to develop inclusive strategies involving SM and HV representatives to address systemic quality risks in community-based mental health care.
the risk of quality of mental health care
Mentoring during the professional adaptationof nurses and its association with professional values, moral sensitivity and caring competence
MENTORING DURING THE PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATIONOF NURSES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PROFESSIONAL VALUES, MORAL SENSITIVITY AND CARING COMPETENCE Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the association between mentoring, understood as support provided to nurses at the beginning of their professional practice and their professional values, moral sensitivity and caring competence. Material and methods. The study included 576 newly qualifi ed nurses. Data were collected using an author-developed questionnaire and three instruments validated for use in Poland: the Care Ability Inventory, the Nurses’ Professional Values Scale (NPVS-3) and the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire. Results. Mentoring, defi ned by respondents as having a formally assigned individual responsible for introducing them to the workplace (N = 157; 27.3% of the sample), was signifi cantly associated with higher levels of moral sensitivity (p = 0.001) and caring competence (p = 0.001). Nurses who, at the beginning of their professional careers, received support from an assigned ward nurse or a more experienced colleague demonstrated signifi cantly higher levels of these attributes. No signifi cant association was found between mentoring and professional values (p = 0.367). A total of 5.9% of respondents reported receiving no support during the initial period of employment. Conclusions. Newly qualified nurses who did not receive mentoring support demonstrated lower levels of caring competence than those who were mentored. These findings suggest that mentoring programmes delivered by experienced nurses may support the development of caring competence among newly qualified nurses and potentially contribute to safer patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grażyna Rożek, Piotr Szulich, Marianna Liliana Charzyńska-Gula, Beata Dobrowolska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Caregivers’ well-being in the context of intellectual disability: a systematic review of emotional and health-related needs
CAREGIVERS’ WELL-BEING IN THE CONTEXT OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EMOTIONAL AND HEALTH-RELATED NEEDS Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the association between mentoring, understood as support provided to nurses at the beginning of their professional practice and their professional values, moral sensitivity and caring competence. Material and methods. The study included 576 newly qualified nurses. Data were collected using an author-developed questionnaire and three instruments validated for use in Poland: the Care Ability Inventory, the Nurses’ Professional Values Scale (NPVS-3) and the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire. Results. Mentoring, defined by respondents as having a formally assigned individual responsible for introducing them to the workplace (N = 157; 27.3% of the sample), was significantly associated with higher levels of moral sensitivity (p = 0.001) and caring competence (p = 0.001). Nurses who, at the beginning of their professional careers, received support from an assigned ward nurse or a more experienced colleague demonstrated significantly higher levels of these attributes. No significant association was found between mentoring and professional values (p = 0.367). A total of 5.9% of respondents reported receiving no support during the initial period of employment. Conclusions. Newly qualified nurses who did not receive mentoring support demonstrated lower levels of caring competence than those who were mentored. These findings suggest that mentoring programmes delivered by experienced nurses may support the development of caring competence among newly qualified nurses and potentially contribute to safer patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ioannis Andriopoulos, Evangelia Kotrotsiou, Alexandra Skitsou, Alexandros Argyriadis, Viky Chrysoula Piletska, Georgios Charalampous (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workload and job satisfaction among healthcare workers
Aim. Understanding the mechanisms linking working conditions with the well-being of healthcare workers is essential for improving the quality and safety of medical services. This study aimed to examine the link between workload and job satisfaction among healthcare workers. Material and methods. The study included 240 currently employed healthcare workers in Poland. A diagnostic survey approach was used, utilizing standardized tools: the Quantitative Workload Inventory (QWI) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form (MSQ-SF). Results. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between workload and overall job satisfaction (ρ=−0.198; p=0.001). Medical rescuers reported the highest workload (M=20.29), which was significantly greater than that of other groups (p<0.001). Nurses had the lowest overall satisfaction (M=69.72), which was significantly lower than that of doctors (M=76.58; p<0.001) and paramedics (M=73.77; p<0.05). It has also been shown that longer work experience is linked to lower external satisfaction and overall satisfaction. Conclusions. Increased workload significantly reduces job satisfaction among medical staff. There are significant differences between professions - paramedics are the most overworked, while nurses show the lowest level of satisfaction. Job satisfaction decreases as work experience increases, showing that the system’s working conditions have a constant negative effect on employees’ well-being.
Insertion of PICC Groshong™ with alternative tip position monitoring using the Vygocard™ – a case report
Aim. Accurate tip positioning of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) is essential for safe intravenous therapy. While intracavitary ECG (IC-ECG) is a recommended method for tip confirmation, access to compatible systems may be limited in clinical practice. The aim of this case report is to describe the use of the Vygocard™ system as an alternative method for tip confirmation during the Groshong™ PICC insertion. Material and methods. We present a case of a 70-year-old oncology patient requiring removal of a totally implantable vascular access device due to infection, followed by insertion of a PICC Groshong™ for continued chemotherapy. As the Groshong™ catheter lacks a dedicated IC-ECG system, the Vygocard™ device was used with continuous saline infusion to enable electric signal conduction. Results. Real-time monitoring with Vygocard™ confirmed correct catheter tip position at the cavo-atrial junction based on P-wave morphology changes. Chest X-ray post-procedure verified accurate placement. The catheter functioned eﬀectively and was later removed without complications. Conclusions. This case illustrates the successful oﬀ-label use of Vygocard™ for tip confirmation in a Groshong™ PICC. The approach may serve as a safe and eﬀective alternative when dedicated systems are unavailable.
Challenges in providing health care to school-age children in Poland – the role of the school nurse in a changing educational and health care system
CHALLENGES IN PROVIDING HEALTH CARE TO SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN POLAND – THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL NURSE IN A CHANGING EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Introduction. One of the key challenges of modern health care systems is ensuring adequate health care for children and adolescents in the school environment. In Poland, this care is primarily provided by school nurses and hygienists, whose work is hindered by numerous barriers, including staff shortages, insuﬃcient funding, and the growing health needs of students. Aim. This article aims to analyze the main problems and challenges faced by school nurses in Poland and identify possible directions for change that could improve the quality of student health care and nurses’ working conditions. Method. This review article is based on the analysis of available literature, legal regulations, and current reports from national institutions, including the Institute of Mother and Child, the Ministry of Health, and the Supreme Audit Oﬃce. The article also includes an interpretation of statistical data on access to health care and the availability of nursing staff in schools. Summary. Strengthening the school nurse’s role as a health educator, improving access to professional training, and enhancing funding and inter-institutional cooperation are essential for improving school-based health care. The authors emphasize that planned legislative changes should go hand in hand with maintaining high standards of care and fully utilizing the professional competencies of nurses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnieszka Pluta, Kamila Faleńczyk, Mariola Głowacka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of compassion, communication, and teamwork on missed nursing care in the oncology units: findings of a scoping review
Introduction. Missed nursing care (MNC) refers to the omission or delay of care resulting from systemic problems, which is particularly dangerous in oncology and places a burden on patients and nurses. Aim. To map and summarize empirical studies–qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods–examining the role of compassion, teamwork, and communication in multidisciplinary nursing care among oncology nurses. Material and methods. A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework. Five electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ProQuest (Health and Medical Complete) were systematically searched, and the reference lists of included articles were manually screened to identify additional studies. Eligible studies were empirical (qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods), published in peer-reviewed journals and written in English. Grey literature, including dissertations, was also considered. Data were charted and analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Conclusions. This scoping review suggests that teamwork and communication influence the occurrence of missed nursing care in oncology, although the current evidence base remains fragmented and limited. Notably, compassion is underexplored, and existing research on communication and teamwork often overlooks the relational and ethical dimensions of nursing practice, underscoring the need for more comprehensive investigation.
Reproductive health literacy among women in Roma communities
Aim. The present study aimed to evaluate the level of reproductive health literacy among women from Roma communities, with a particular focus on family planning, pregnancy, labour, and the postpartum period. Material and methods. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed. The study sample consisted of 48 Roma women of reproductive age (mean age 26.26 ± 11.78 years) residing in Roma communities. Data were collected using a non-standardized, researcher-developed questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied for data analysis. Results. The average score on the questionnaire assessing subjective health literacy was 41.58 points (maximum 60, minimum 15). However, when knowledge was objectively tested, many responses were incorrect, insufficient, or participants were unable to provide an answer. The lowest levels of knowledge were recorded in the domains of family planning and contraception, recommended physical activity during pregnancy, the appropriate time for resuming sexual activity after childbirth, and the adverse effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Statistically significant differences in health literacy levels were observed with respect to age (p = 0.003) and parity (p = < 0.001). Conclusions. The study revealed the unsatisfactory health literacy among Roma women, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions implemented by healthcare professionals.
Feeding difficulties in children with orofacialcomplex disorders
Aim. Assessment of the prevalence of the most common symptoms of feeding difficulties in children with complex face and oral disorders. Material and methods. The questionnaire surveycovered 175 parents. The perspective of parents/guardians was adopted as the key source of information on the child’s daily functioning, as it is usually the parents who are the first to notice worrying symptoms and their impact on the child’s feeding and development. Results. Selective eating was observed in 34.8% of children. Difficulties with breastfeeding or bottle feeding during infancy affected 16.6%, problems with expanding the diet affected 15.2%, difficulties with chewing, swallowing and biting affected 10.3%, sensory and developmental disorders affected 9.7%, gastroesophageal reflux in 3.4% of cases, and conditions requiring medical assistance in 4.9% of cases. Mouth breathing, despite nasal patency, was observed in 45.1% of children. Tongue protrusion occurred in 16.8% of patients and difficulty swallowing saliva in 14.8%. Conclusions. The most common feeding difficulties in children were selective eating, sensory disturbances, sucking difficulties, and diet expansion. Most children showed normal weight gain despite reported feeding difficulties. It is therefore important to identify feeding problems in newborns and infants early on and to provide interprofessional care.
Adverse reactions of intramuscular injections associated with injection site selection: a literature review
Introduction. This article aims to determine the adverse reactions associated with the application of intramuscular injections at various injection sites. Aim. Our study is the literature review with a systematic search strategy. It includes 11 studies from selected databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and OVID, between October and November 2024. The search was limited to dates between 2019-2024 and the availability of full texts. Material and methods. Studies often agree that it is important to pay attention to proper application methods and to choose the most suitable injection site based on the condition of the patient, while also addressing the preferences of the medical staff. Some studies differed regarding intramuscular injections (IM) into the ventrogluteal or dorsogluteal area due to the presence of the sciatic nerve. Conclusions. Intramuscular injections (IMI) are one of the most widely used methods of injecting active substances to a patients. Although this variant of injection is considered very safe, it does carry certain risks. There are several adverse events associated with IM injections, ranging from local events, such as pain, hematoma or redness at the injection site, to more serious events, which include nerve or bone injury and abscess formation. Therefore, it is important that IM injections are administered carefully and with careful site choice.
Parents’ attitudes towards vaccination of their children – a review of measurement tools
PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS VACCINATION OF THEIR CHILDREN – A REVIEW OF MEASUREMENT TOOLS Introduction. The best method of preventing infectious diseases in children of developmental age is protection through vaccination. However, their eff ectiveness depends on the acceptance and involvement of parents in the process of immunization of children. Aim. The aim of the work is to review and present standardized measurement tools available worldwide regarding the attitudes adopted by parents towards vaccination of their children. Material and methods. A narrative review method was used and a non-systematic review of thematic literature according to selected keywords was carried out. The data from the review were recorded by two independent authors in a specially prepared form. Results. A total of 8 standardized measurement scales were identifi ed from the USA, Canada, Switzerland, Italy and Ghana. The most commonly used scale was the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey, adapted and validated in seven other countries. Conclusions. Standardized research tools allow to obtain objective, reliable data that can be used to develop eff ective educational and communication strategies aimed at increasing the acceptance of vaccinations among parents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krystyna Zofia Szalast, Barbara Ślusarska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sleep quality in patients with Myasthenia Gravis – A review of studies
SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS – A REVIEW OF STUDIES Aim. The aim of the presented review is to analyze the available research on sleep quality in patients with myasthenia gravis. Material and methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Among the 1025 identified records, 20 underwent full-text assessment, and 7 met the inclusion criteria. Results. Patients with myasthenia gravis demonstrated reduced sleep quality, most frequently assessed using the PSQI. Symptoms such as fatigue, depression and anxiety were also reported and were associated with poorer quality of life. Conclusions. Sleep quality in patients with myasthenia gravis is significantly impaired and requires comprehensive evaluation. The use of multidimensional assessment tools and consideration of clinical variables are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Weronika Jung-Plath, Wioletta Anna Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) in the world: a comparative analysis of selected countries
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING (APN) IN THE WORLD: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES Introduction. Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) plays a crucial role in addressing global healthcare challenges, including physician shortages, aging populations, and the rising burden of chronic diseases. As highly trained professionals, APNs enhance healthcare access and quality across diverse settings. Aim. The aim of this study is to provide a concise comparative analysis of the development and integration of Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) roles between 2015 and 2025 in six countries - the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia. Material and methods. This study employed a descriptive comparative design based on a structured literature review. Data were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases using the keyword “Advanced Practice Nursing” combined with six countries: the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia. Publications from 2015 to 2025 were screened and selected according to inclusion criteria. The analysis focused on four key dimensions: educational pathways, regulatory and legal frameworks, scope of practice, and health system integration. Results. Countries like the United States and Australia have mature APN frameworks with full practice authority and clear educational pathways. In contrast, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia are at varying stages of APN development, often limited by restrictive legislation, fragmented training systems, or lack of professional recognition. Common challenges include role ambiguity, insufficient funding, and resistance from medical bodies. Conclusions. APN implementation varies globally, with the United States and Australia leading the way, France is implementing reforms , while Poland, Japan, and Indonesia remain in the early stages. Key barriers include lack of clear regulation, limited awareness, medical resistance, and insufficient funding. Further comparative research and the development of international standards in APN education and regulation are needed.
Cultural adaptation and validation of the Nursing Students’ Professional Behavior Scale (NSPBS) to Polish conditions
CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE NURSING STUDENTS’ PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR SCALE (NSPBS) TO POLISH CONDITIONS Aim. The aim of the study is the adaptation as well as the cultural and psychometric validation of the Nursing Students’ Professional Behaviors Scale (NSPBS) for use in the Polish context, as well as the assessment of the level of these behaviors among nursing students. Material and methods. The study involved 304 undergraduate nursing students in Lublin. In order to validate the study, pre-test and the post-test were used. Cronbach’s alpha coeﬃcient was used to assess psychometric properties. The significance of the factors was evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), conducted with the principal components method. Results. A three-factor solution was applied. The correlations within the subscales (“Healthcare Practice”“Professional Practice,”and “Reporting”) ranged from 0.49 to 0.76, indicating moderate to high intercorrelations. The internal consistency of the scale was 0.93 [95% CI = 0.92–0.94]. The test-retest reliability of the total score and individual subscales was also satisfactory. The average score of nursing students’ professional behaviors was 118.70 ± 11.45, which is interpreted as a high result.
Maternal attachment style and prenatal depression: the mediating role of body image
MATERNAL ATTACHMENT STYLE AND PRENATAL DEPRESSION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF BODY IMAGE Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal attachment styles, body dissatisfaction, and prenatal depressive symptoms, with a particular focus on the mediating role of negative body image. Material and methods. The study included a sample of 215 pregnant women (M = 28.4; SD = 4.5) in their second or third trimester. Participants completed the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), the general body dissatisfaction subscale of the Body Attitude Test (BAT), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS with bootstrapping (5,000 resamples). Results. Security of attachment was negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction and prenatal depressive symptoms, whereas anxious and avoidant attachment styles showed positive correlations. Negative body image fully mediated the relationship between all attachment styles and depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Negative body image may serve as a key psychological mechanism, which links insecure attachment styles with prenatal depression. Interventions aimed at improving body image may help to reduce the risk of depression in pregnant women,particularly those with insecure attachment patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Piotr Nowicki, Beata Szlendak, Urszula Tataj-Puzyna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preoperative anxiety in neurosurgical patients
PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY IN NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS Aim. Preoperative anxiety is a risk factor for various psychophysiological reactions in patients, which increases need for anaesthesia, prolonged hospitalisation, and overall convalescence. The purpose of the study was to detect the incidence of anxiety in patients before neurosurgical operations and assess the impact of time to operation and selected demographic factors on the occurrence of anxiety. Material and methods. The study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. A cross-sectional study design was used. The sample consisted of 108 respondents. The average age was 58.16 years (SD = 12.49). Data were collected in a preoperative period in patients before their planned operations. Preoperative anxiety was assessed by the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale. The data were analysed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. Anxiety and need for information varied over time to the date of operation with an increasing trend between Measurements 1 and 2 (p < 0.001) and between Measurements 1 and 3 (p < 0.001), with a greater increase in females. No statistically signifi cant relationship between preoperative anxiety and age was found. Conclusions. The fi ndings support the need for preoperative anxiety assessment in neurosurgical patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ľubica Koprdová, Ľubica Libová, Dana Brázdilová, Andrea Sollárová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health literacy and depression in seniors aged 65 and over
HEALTH LITERACY AND DEPRESSION IN SENIORS AGED 65 AND OVER Aim. The aim of the research was to describe the level of health literacy among seniors aged 65+ in the South Bohemian regarding depression. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. Material and methods. The survey included 403 individuals selected by quota sampling.. The study sample is representative in terms of gender, age, and region. The interview structure was derived from the standardized questionnaire HLS-EU-Q16, supplemented by socio-demographic questions. Results. The level of health literacy among seniors was considered suffi cient for 59.9%, problematic for 24.1%, and inadequate (insufficient) for 16.1%. Seniors who were measured to have inadequate health literacy were identified to suff er from mild depression to a significantly great extent. Conclusions. Research should focus on the role of low health literacy in people suffering from depression.
Application of methods in historical nursing research
APPLICATION OF METHODS IN HISTORICAL NURSING RESEARCH Introduction. The article discusses the application of historical methods in nursing research. Aim. The aim of this study is to give an overview of published studies on historical nursing research and to consider how historical methods can help in understanding the profession’s past and present relevance. Methods. The analysis includes studies published between 2009 and 2023. A total of six studies were identified. In all cases, the authors conducted historical research using appropriate historical methodologies. Each selected study was based on archival research involving the analysis of primary sources. In addition to archival materials, two studies also employed the method of oral history. Case studies and biographical narratives were used as supplementary research strategies. Results. Historical research shows how nursing has changed over time and highlights contributions that might otherwise be overlooked. It provides insights that are useful in teaching and shaping professional identity and encourages reflection on practice. Overall, the findings indicate that historical work continues in this field to be relevant both to the education of nurses and to the preparation of health professionals. Conclusions. The findings indicate that historical research in nursing employs a diverse range of methodological approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimira Pospisilova, Valérie Tóthová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0