Nursing in the 21st Century
type: channel
description: SUBMISSIONS - Active access the editorial and publishing platform for authors and reviewers. Click to log in. ISSN: 1730-1912 e-ISSN: 2450-646X Quarterly CALL FOR PAPERS - Fragile Lives Strong Care Ethical Reflections on Vulnerability in Nursing. The Journal Nursing in the 21st Century (Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku) invites submissions for a special issue examining and exploring the notion of vulnerability within the context of nursing care, with a particular focus on its ethical implications. Read more here. The journal Nursing in the 21st Century has been regularly published since 2002. Nursing in the 21st Century is issued quarterly, and the subject matter of the published articles includes: nursing, midwifery and other health sciences. According to the list of scientific journals prepared by the Ministry of Science and Education from 17th July 2023, Nursing in the 21st Century obtained 40 points. The journal is indexed in the prestigious databases ERIH PLUS, SCOPUS, Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citaiton Index. In Index Copernicus, Index Copernicus Value (ICV) for the year 2024 is equal to 142.00 points. Journal Metrics: Impact Factor 0.4; JCI 0.14; Cite Score 0.5; SJR 0.175; SNIP 0.187; MEiN 40; ICV 142,00. Rejection rate: 43% Digital Preservation Policy The Nursing in the 21st Century is committed is committed to the long-term preservation of its digital content. To ensure that the published scientific research remains accessible to future generations of scholars, researchers, and the public, the journal employs a comprehensive multi-layered archiving strategy. Current Preservation Systems The journal currently utilizes the following platforms to ensure the permanent availability of its content: National Library of Poland (Digital Repository): In accordance with Polish legal deposit regulations, full-text versions of all published articles are deposited and permanently archived in the Digital Repository of the National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa). …
publisher: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
language: en
publication name: Nursing in the 21st Century
issn: 1730-1912
items: Parents’ attitudes towards vaccination of their children – a review of measurement tools
items: Sleep quality in patients with Myasthenia Gravis – A review of studies
items: Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) in the world: a comparative analysis of selected countries
items: Cultural adaptation and validation of the Nursing Students’ Professional Behavior Scale (NSPBS) to Polish conditions
items: Maternal attachment style and prenatal depression: the mediating role of body image
items: Preoperative anxiety in neurosurgical patients
items: Health literacy and depression in seniors aged 65 and over
items: Application of methods in historical nursing research
items: Pilot testing of the Czech version of the „Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain” (KASRP-CZ) among nursing students
items: Factors aﬀecting biochemical indicators of blood among obese children – an integrative literature review
items: Nurses’ perceptions of artificial intelligence use in clinical practice: a qualitative study
items: Comparative knowledge of aging between geriatric and general nurses: a cross-sectional study in Croatia
items: Nutritional status and functional performanceof patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation
items: Low-profile balloon gastrostomy – prospective evaluation
items: Maastricht criteria III in the global context: a systematic review of development and implementation
items: Autonomy among professional nurses – validation of the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale (DPBS) in Poland
items: An exploratory survey of the digital technology readiness of the health care workforce across nine EU member states
items: Nursing in nutritional support in cancerpatients – case study
items: The level of nurses’ knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access – is there a needfor further education in this area?
items: Practical guidelines for nursing and midwifery diabetes care – 2026. A position of the Polish Federation for Education in Diabetology
items: Nurses’ ability to function in an intercultural environment in light of their competenceand cultural intelligence
items: Anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care: A grounded theory study
items: Tools for assessing nurses’ stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals with mental illness
items: What should be kept in mind when treating acne with oral contraceptives? Narrative review
items: Accepting, adapting and transcending: living with type 1 diabetes – a human becoming perspective
items: The value of high-fidelity simulationin the professional development of emergency services – preliminary reports
items: How empathic are midwifery students?
items: Assessment of the functional status of pulmonary patients over 65 years of age
items: Quality of life of patients with diabetic retinopathy receiving anti-VEGF therapy
items: Over-the-counter pain reliever (OTC-PR) abuse by adolescents aged 13-19 years – pilot study

Parents’ attitudes towards vaccination of their children – a review of measurement tools
type: item
description: PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS VACCINATION OF THEIR CHILDREN – A REVIEW OF MEASUREMENT TOOLS Introduction. The best method of preventing infectious diseases in children of developmental age is protection through vaccination. However, their eff ectiveness depends on the acceptance and involvement of parents in the process of immunization of children. Aim. The aim of the work is to review and present standardized measurement tools available worldwide regarding the attitudes adopted by parents towards vaccination of their children. Material and methods. A narrative review method was used and a non-systematic review of thematic literature according to selected keywords was carried out. The data from the review were recorded by two independent authors in a specially prepared form. Results. A total of 8 standardized measurement scales were identifi ed from the USA, Canada, Switzerland, Italy and Ghana. The most commonly used scale was the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey, adapted and validated in seven other countries. Conclusions. Standardized research tools allow to obtain objective, reliable data that can be used to develop eff ective educational and communication strategies aimed at increasing the acceptance of vaccinations among parents.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: parents’ attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: vaccinations
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: measurement tools
  topic: keywords
subject: scope overview
  topic: keywords
creator: Krystyna Zofia Szalast
creator: Barbara Ślusarska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Krystyna Zofia Szalast, Barbara Ślusarska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 88
ending page: 97
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0012

Sleep quality in patients with Myasthenia Gravis – A review of studies
type: item
description: SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS – A REVIEW OF STUDIES Aim. The aim of the presented review is to analyze the available research on sleep quality in patients with myasthenia gravis. Material and methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Among the 1025 identified records, 20 underwent full-text assessment, and 7 met the inclusion criteria. Results. Patients with myasthenia gravis demonstrated reduced sleep quality, most frequently assessed using the PSQI. Symptoms such as fatigue, depression and anxiety were also reported and were associated with poorer quality of life. Conclusions. Sleep quality in patients with myasthenia gravis is significantly impaired and requires comprehensive evaluation. The use of multidimensional assessment tools and consideration of clinical variables are recommended.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: myasthenia gravis
  topic: keywords
subject: sleep quality
  topic: keywords
subject: PSQI
  topic: keywords
subject: fatigue
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
creator: Weronika Jung-Plath
creator: Wioletta Anna Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Weronika Jung-Plath, Wioletta Anna Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 78
ending page: 87
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0011

Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) in the world: a comparative analysis of selected countries
type: item
description: ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING (APN) IN THE WORLD: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES Introduction. Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) plays a crucial role in addressing global healthcare challenges, including physician shortages, aging populations, and the rising burden of chronic diseases. As highly trained professionals, APNs enhance healthcare access and quality across diverse settings. Aim. The aim of this study is to provide a concise comparative analysis of the development and integration of Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) roles between 2015 and 2025 in six countries - the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia. Material and methods. This study employed a descriptive comparative design based on a structured literature review. Data were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases using the keyword “Advanced Practice Nursing” combined with six countries: the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia. Publications from 2015 to 2025 were screened and selected according to inclusion criteria. The analysis focused on four key dimensions: educational pathways, regulatory and legal frameworks, scope of practice, and health system integration. Results. Countries like the United States and Australia have mature APN frameworks with full practice authority and clear educational pathways. In contrast, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia are at varying stages of APN development, often limited by restrictive legislation, fragmented training systems, or lack of professional recognition. Common challenges include role ambiguity, insufficient funding, and resistance from medical bodies. Conclusions. APN implementation varies globally, with the United States and Australia leading the way, France is implementing reforms , while Poland, Japan, and Indonesia remain in the early stages. Key barriers include lack of clear regulation, limited awareness, medical resistance, and insufficient funding. Further comparative research a…
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: Advanced Practice Nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: Nurse Practitioner
  topic: keywords
subject: health policy
  topic: keywords
subject: global health
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Przemysław Żuratyński
creator: Mai Taki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 68
ending page: 77
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0010

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Nursing Students’ Professional Behavior Scale (NSPBS) to Polish conditions
type: item
description: CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE NURSING STUDENTS’ PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR SCALE (NSPBS) TO POLISH CONDITIONS Aim. The aim of the study is the adaptation as well as the cultural and psychometric validation of the Nursing Students’ Professional Behaviors Scale (NSPBS) for use in the Polish context, as well as the assessment of the level of these behaviors among nursing students. Material and methods. The study involved 304 undergraduate nursing students in Lublin. In order to validate the study, pre-test and the post-test were used. Cronbach’s alpha coeﬃcient was used to assess psychometric properties. The significance of the factors was evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), conducted with the principal components method. Results. A three-factor solution was applied. The correlations within the subscales (“Healthcare Practice”“Professional Practice,”and “Reporting”) ranged from 0.49 to 0.76, indicating moderate to high intercorrelations. The internal consistency of the scale was 0.93 [95% CI = 0.92–0.94]. The test-retest reliability of the total score and individual subscales was also satisfactory. The average score of nursing students’ professional behaviors was 118.70 ± 11.45, which is interpreted as a high result.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: nursing students
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural validation
  topic: keywords
subject: NSPBS psychometric validation
  topic: keywords
subject: professional behavior
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Firek
creator: Małgorzata Fopka-Kowalczyk
creator: Krzysztof Jurek
creator: Beata Dobrowolska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 33
ending page: 47
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0006

Maternal attachment style and prenatal depression: the mediating role of body image
type: item
description: MATERNAL ATTACHMENT STYLE AND PRENATAL DEPRESSION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF BODY IMAGE Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal attachment styles, body dissatisfaction, and prenatal depressive symptoms, with a particular focus on the mediating role of negative body image. Material and methods. The study included a sample of 215 pregnant women (M = 28.4; SD = 4.5) in their second or third trimester. Participants completed the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), the general body dissatisfaction subscale of the Body Attitude Test (BAT), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS with bootstrapping (5,000 resamples). Results. Security of attachment was negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction and prenatal depressive symptoms, whereas anxious and avoidant attachment styles showed positive correlations. Negative body image fully mediated the relationship between all attachment styles and depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Negative body image may serve as a key psychological mechanism, which links insecure attachment styles with prenatal depression. Interventions aimed at improving body image may help to reduce the risk of depression in pregnant women,particularly those with insecure attachment patterns.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: body image
  topic: keywords
subject: attachment styles
  topic: keywords
subject: prenatal depression
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Nowicki
creator: Beata Szlendak
creator: Urszula Tataj-Puzyna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Piotr Nowicki, Beata Szlendak, Urszula Tataj-Puzyna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 25
ending page: 32
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0009

Preoperative anxiety in neurosurgical patients
type: item
description: PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY IN NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS Aim. Preoperative anxiety is a risk factor for various psychophysiological reactions in patients, which increases need for anaesthesia, prolonged hospitalisation, and overall convalescence. The purpose of the study was to detect the incidence of anxiety in patients before neurosurgical operations and assess the impact of time to operation and selected demographic factors on the occurrence of anxiety. Material and methods. The study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. A cross-sectional study design was used. The sample consisted of 108 respondents. The average age was 58.16 years (SD = 12.49). Data were collected in a preoperative period in patients before their planned operations. Preoperative anxiety was assessed by the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale. The data were analysed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. Anxiety and need for information varied over time to the date of operation with an increasing trend between Measurements 1 and 2 (p < 0.001) and between Measurements 1 and 3 (p < 0.001), with a greater increase in females. No statistically signifi cant relationship between preoperative anxiety and age was found. Conclusions. The fi ndings support the need for preoperative anxiety assessment in neurosurgical patients.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: neurosurgery
  topic: keywords
subject: patients
  topic: keywords
subject: preoperative period
  topic: keywords
creator: Ľubica Koprdová
creator: Ľubica Libová
creator: Dana Brázdilová
creator: Andrea Sollárová
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ľubica Koprdová, Ľubica Libová, Dana Brázdilová, Andrea Sollárová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 20
ending page: 24
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0008

Health literacy and depression in seniors aged 65 and over
type: item
description: HEALTH LITERACY AND DEPRESSION IN SENIORS AGED 65 AND OVER Aim. The aim of the research was to describe the level of health literacy among seniors aged 65+ in the South Bohemian regarding depression. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. Material and methods. The survey included 403 individuals selected by quota sampling.. The study sample is representative in terms of gender, age, and region. The interview structure was derived from the standardized questionnaire HLS-EU-Q16, supplemented by socio-demographic questions. Results. The level of health literacy among seniors was considered suffi cient for 59.9%, problematic for 24.1%, and inadequate (insufficient) for 16.1%. Seniors who were measured to have inadequate health literacy were identified to suff er from mild depression to a significantly great extent. Conclusions. Research should focus on the role of low health literacy in people suffering from depression.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: health literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: seniors
  topic: keywords
subject: health care
  topic: keywords
subject: depression
  topic: keywords
creator: Sylva Bártlová
creator: Věra Hellerová
creator: Iva Brabcová
creator: Petra Bejvančická
creator: Miluše Vítečková
creator: Miroslav Procházka
creator: Jiří Sissak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 48
ending page: 52
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0007

Application of methods in historical nursing research
type: item
description: APPLICATION OF METHODS IN HISTORICAL NURSING RESEARCH Introduction. The article discusses the application of historical methods in nursing research. Aim. The aim of this study is to give an overview of published studies on historical nursing research and to consider how historical methods can help in understanding the profession’s past and present relevance. Methods. The analysis includes studies published between 2009 and 2023. A total of six studies were identified. In all cases, the authors conducted historical research using appropriate historical methodologies. Each selected study was based on archival research involving the analysis of primary sources. In addition to archival materials, two studies also employed the method of oral history. Case studies and biographical narratives were used as supplementary research strategies. Results. Historical research shows how nursing has changed over time and highlights contributions that might otherwise be overlooked. It provides insights that are useful in teaching and shaping professional identity and encourages reflection on practice. Overall, the findings indicate that historical work continues in this field to be relevant both to the education of nurses and to the preparation of health professionals. Conclusions. The findings indicate that historical research in nursing employs a diverse range of methodological approaches.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: research methods
  topic: keywords
subject: research methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: historical research
  topic: keywords
subject: primary sources
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladimira Pospisilova
creator: Valérie Tóthová
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimira Pospisilova, Valérie Tóthová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-16
publication date: 2026-03-16
starting page: 53
ending page: 58
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0005

Pilot testing of the Czech version of the „Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain” (KASRP-CZ) among nursing students
type: item
description: PILOT TESTING OF THE CZECH VERSION OF THE „KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES SURVEY REGARDING PAIN” (KASRP-CZ) AMONG NURSING STUDENTS Aim. Good quality pain management requires suﬃcient knowledge and attitudes. The widely used KASRP questionnaire had not previously been tested in the Czech Republic and therefore was pilot tested in this study. To evaluate the comprehensibility and preliminary usability of the Czech version of the KASRP questionnaire (KASRP-CZ) among nursing students and to identify areas for improvement. Material and methods. A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2025 among 48 third-year nursing students, who completed the paper-based KASRP-CZ questionnaire anonymously. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the effect of prior healthcare experience was assessed using with the t-test . Participants rated the questionnaire’s comprehensibility and provided open-ended feedback. Results. The average knowledge score was 51.5%, with one-third of students scoring below 50%. Content validity was confirmed, though some instructions were unclear. The mean comprehensibility rating was 3.19/5, with students reporting diﬃculties mainly in case studies and opioid-related questions. Prior healthcare experience had no significant effect on scores (p = 0.529). Conclusions. The KASRP-CZ questionnaire demonstrated acceptable clarity and content validity in this pilot study. Identified knowledge gaps–particularly in opioid pharmacology and clinical decision-making–highlight the need to strengthen pain education in Czech nursing curricula. The instrument is suitable for further research and educational use.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: pain
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing students
  topic: keywords
subject: attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Iryna Matějková
creator: Katerina Ivanová
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iryna Matějková, Katerina Ivanová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-03-16
publication date: 2023-03-16
starting page: 15
ending page: 19
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0004

Factors aﬀecting biochemical indicators of blood among obese children – an integrative literature review
type: item
description: FACTORS AFFECTING BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BLOOD AMONG OBESE CHILDREN – AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction. Prevention of complications of chronic diseases in children and adolescents is nowadays receiving increasing concern. Blood biochemistry analysis is one of the key and precise diagnostic tools in medicine, which is used to assess state of functioning of individual organs and systems in human body, as well as to identify possible metabolic disorders, diagnosis of health problem, risk assessment, screening or monitoring of treatment. Aim. The purpose of this research was to provide an integrative review of existing research examining the relationship between blood chemistry in children. Material and methods. The study included 40 articles published between 2013 and 2023. The research focused mainly on correlations between obesity and the levels of mineral elements, vitamins, hormones, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and insulin levels, as well as the condition of the cardiovascular and osteoarticular system. Summary. Increased efforts to prevent metabolic disorders and obesity in child population need further reinforcement
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: correlation of data
  topic: keywords
subject: blood chemical analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Gesek
creator: Danuta Zarzycka
creator: Agata Miłosz
creator: Justyna Elwira Michalczyk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
starting page: 59
ending page: 67
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0003

Nurses’ perceptions of artificial intelligence use in clinical practice: a qualitative study
type: item
description: NURSES’ PERCEPTIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY Aim. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) raises several uncertainties about its impact on nursing and health care in general. To date, not much attention has been paid to the views of practicing nurses on the use of this technology, leaving a research gap in this area. The aim of the study was to explore nurses’ current perceptions of the use of AI in their profession and examine the associated benefits and ethical considerations of this technological innovation. Material and methods. A qualitative, exploratory design was used. Fifteen Slovenian nurses submitted their written reflections and participated in two focus groups on this topic. Results. The following three themes were identified: AI limitations (categories: Empathy and Communication, and Clinical Reasoning), potential benefits of AI (categories: Work Efficiency and Improving Nursing as a Discipline), and social & managerial concerns (categories: Acceptance of AI and Implementation and Use). Conclusions. The identified themes and categories direct the process of adopting the innovation of AI in nursing and reflect its specificity. Furthermore, they highlight the need for a paradigm shift in nursing that can be expected with the use of this technology in clinical nursing practice.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: focus groups
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Karnjuš
creator: Boštjan Žvanut
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Igor Karnjuš, Boštjan Žvanut (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 7
ending page: 14
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0002

Comparative knowledge of aging between geriatric and general nurses: a cross-sectional study in Croatia
type: item
description: ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE KNOWLEDGE OF AGING BETWEEN GERIATRIC AND GENERAL NURSES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN CROATIA Introduction. Accurate knowledge of aging is essential for nurses to provide competent care to older adults. However, diff erences in this knowledge between geriatric and non-geriatric nurses remain underexplored in Central and Eastern Europe. Aim. To compare the knowledge about aging between geriatric and general nurses in Croatia using Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,048 nurses across Croatia. Participants included 250 geriatric and 798 general nurses. An online survey, including Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz, was distributed. Descriptive statistics and chisquare tests were used for the analysis. Results. Most of the quiz questions revealed no statistically signifi cant diff erences. However, general nurses were signifi cantly less likely to correctly agree that “about 80% of older adults report being healthy enough to carry out normal activities” (χ² = 6.847, p = 0.009). Conclusions. Both groups of nurses exhibit knowledge gaps related to aging. Geriatric nurses demonstrate slightly better awareness of self-reported health among older adults. Tailored gerontological education should be implemented across all nursing domains.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: aging
  topic: keywords
subject: gerontology
  topic: keywords
subject: Palmore’s Quiz
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Marija Švigir
creator: Jana Goriup
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2026-0001

Nutritional status and functional performanceof patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation
type: item
description: Aim. The aim of the study is to assess nutritional status and the risk of health deterioration, deterioration of functional capacity or death within the next two years in relation to demographics of patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation. Material and methods. The study was conducted on 211 patients aged 65 years or older qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation. Results. The mean age of the respondents was 78 ± 7.56 years. Most of the respondents of the study group were women. Patients in the age groups 65-74 years and 75-84 years declared similar nutritional status. The risk of health deterioration, functional capacity and death increased with age. Conclusions. The risk of malnutrition and diagnosed malnutrition were mostly observed in patients aged 85 years and older. The growing risk of significant deterioration of health and functional capacity in patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation were attributed to aging, being unmarried, less educated and having poorer nutritional status. Improvement of the nutritional status, particularly in people at the age of 85 years or older, qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation, is one of the key factors contributing to a lower risk of significant deterioration of health.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: nutritional status
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly people
  topic: keywords
subject: functional capacity
  topic: keywords
creator: Karolina Elżbieta Kołodziej
creator: Joanna Chrobak-Bień
creator: Tomasz Wcisło
creator: Michał Plewka
creator: Ewa Borowiak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Elżbieta Kołodziej , Joanna Chrobak-Bień, Tomasz Wcisło, Michał Plewka, Ewa Borowiak (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 311
ending page: 321
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0041

Low-profile balloon gastrostomy – prospective evaluation
type: item
description: Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected parameters of the nutritional treatment process in Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN) patients with a low-profile balloon gastrostomy. Material and methods. Fourteen HEN patients who had a low-profile balloon gastrostomy in December 2024 were included in the study. Patient data were collected from medical records from the HEN procedure qualification and during follow-up visits. Results. The majority of patients had normal biochemical parameters for nutritional status at baseline and during follow-up, while their BMI was below normal. None of the patients had any discharge around the gavage site. All patients had no problems with tube rotation or patency. The presence of a reaction around the gavage site was noted in four patients at the start of follow-up, with improvement observed thereafter. Granulation tissue was observed in one patient at the time of low-profile gastrostomy insertion. Conclusions. HEN patients with low-profile balloon gastrostomy placement generally have a low incidence of complications related to the presence of artificial access to the gastrointestinal tract.. The use of this type of tube in daily clinical practice should be considered on a case-by-case basis. It is advocated that this type of tube should be used more frequently in the HEN procedure.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: enteral nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: gastrostomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Filip Biernacki
creator: Krystyna Majewska
creator: Jacek Sobocki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Filip Biernacki, Krystyna Majewska, Jacek Sobocki (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 294
ending page: 302
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0040

Maastricht criteria III in the global context: a systematic review of development and implementation
type: item
description: Aim. This review examines the development and implementation of the Maastricht Criteria III in controlled (cDCD) and uncontrolled (uDCD) Donation after Circulatory Death in various healthcare systems, evaluates compliance with the no-touch interval, and the influence of opt-in versus opt-out consent models on the availability and use of donor organs. Material and methods. Following Evidence-Based Practice principles, a systematic search was performed in full-text electronic databases covering healthcare, bioethics, and transplantation sciences. Peer-reviewed, full-text studies relevant to DCD classification and clinical application were included. Additionally, a critical methodological quality appraisal of all included studies was conducted using a standardised tool, thereby enhancing the robustness of our conclusions. Results. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria, addressing DCD classification, consent frameworks, no-touch interval adherence, and organ procurement impact. Substantial international variability emerged: presumed consent (opt-out) systems achieved higher donor conversion rates, whereas extended no-touch intervals detrimentally affected organ viability. Conclusions. This review presents a structured analysis of Maastricht Criteria III application, particularly in Europe. cDCD follows increasingly standardised protocols, while uDCD remains inconsistently implemented due to ethical and logistical challenges. To enhance donor identification, organ utilisation, and transplantation outcomes, it is essential to standardise protocols, refine ischemia-mitigation techniques, and strengthen international collaboration.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: heart arrest
  topic: keywords
subject: tissue and organ procurement
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic reviews
  topic: keywords
creator: Jana Křivková
creator: Jiří Šimek
creator: Alena Lochmannová
creator: Pavel Leden
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jana Křivková, Jiří Šimek, Alena Lochmannová, Pavel Leden (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-23
publication date: 2025-02-23
starting page: 332
ending page: 338
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0039

Autonomy among professional nurses – validation of the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale (DPBS) in Poland
type: item
description: Aim. A proper understanding of autonomy can enhance patient care, reduce occupational burnout, foster professional socialisation, and elevate the quality of work among nurses. The Dempster Practice Behavior Scale has been translated into several languages and is widely used in worldwide scientific research with favorable outcomes. Material and methods. The evaluation of the credibility, reliability, and psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale. Results. The study involved the participation of 338 nurses and utilised the DPBS questionnaire. To validate the DPBS questionnaire, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation was undertaken alongside Horne’s parallel analysis and scree plot adoption. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through Pearson’s r correlation and Cronbach’s alpha coeﬃcient, considering values greater than 0.7 as satisfactory. Conclusions. The parallel analysis yielded four primary factors and corresponding item subgroups, accounting for 47.6% of the total variance. Factor loadings varied between 0.40 and 0.72. The Polish version of DPBS-P exhibits a high-reliability score, making it a standardised tool for measuring nurse autonomy. Cultural adaptation necessitated altering the number of items and corresponding names of the DPBS-P factors.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: nursing autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of work among nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: validation
  topic: keywords
subject: DPBS
  topic: keywords
subject: DPBS-P
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Sadowska
creator: Bożena Czarkowska-Pączek
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Sadowska, Bożena Czarkowska-Pączek (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 303
ending page: 310
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0038

An exploratory survey of the digital technology readiness of the health care workforce across nine EU member states
type: item
description: Introduction. Recent crises such as COVID-19, cyber-attacks on health care digital infrastructure, mass migration and war, highlight the crucial role of digital technology in service delivery. The establishment of the EU4 Health Programme in 2021, emphasized the need for an EU wide comprehensive enhancement of workforce digital skills with an emphasis on crisis resilience. At present there is almost no comparative EU wide workforce survey research in this area to inform effective policy implementation. Aim. To explore the use of digital technologies, the expressed training needs, the wellbeing and perception of organisational capacities referenced to digital technology across health care workforce in nine European Union states. Methods. A 36-item survey was developed focused on digital competencies, digital use, cybersecurity awareness, training needs, sense of wellbeing and perception of organisational readiness to implement digital change, utilising convenience sampling. For purposes of analysis workforce respondents were divided between clinical and non-clinical staff. Data was analysed using SPSS according to a pre-registered analysis plan. Results. After data cleaning, 2,028 respondents’ answers were analysed. Non-clinical staff demonstrated higher proficiency and usage rates in digital technologies. Significant differences between non-clinical and clinical staff were noted in security awareness, with clinical staff having significantly less knowledge/ awareness. All respondents perceived their organisations as only moderately ready to implement digital health care change. Conclusions. These exploratory results highlight need for policy development and interventions that enhance digital competencies across the EU health workforce. The results also suggest there is a need to address organisational capacities to support both training of the workforce and effective use of the workforce’s digital skills once these are acquired.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: digital health infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: EU health policy
  topic: keywords
subject: health care workforce
  topic: keywords
subject: survey, digital readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
creator: John SG Wells
creator: Florian Scheibein
creator: Alvisa Palese
creator: Ivana Barać
creator: Jan Beger
creator: Ieva Bikava
creator: Aelita Bredelytė
creator: Keith Byrne
creator: Frances Cleary
creator: Dianne Cooney-Miner
creator: Andreas Dalluege
creator: Beata Dobrowolska
creator: Willie Donnelly
creator: Magdalena Dziurka
creator: Frances Finn
creator: Branko Gabrovec
creator: Alessandro Galazzi
creator: Lucija Gosak
creator: Paolo Grandinetti
creator: Chloe Green
creator: Martina Hasseler
creator: Daniel Hickey
creator: Stephanie Krebs
creator: Thilo Kroll
creator: Sanita Litina
creator: Kristina Lekutienė
creator: Gemma López
creator: Steve MacFeely
creator: Claire Magner
creator: Ian Mills
creator: Helen Murphy
creator: Kasandra Musović
creator: Majda Pajnkihar
creator: Ana Petrović
creator: Vytis Radvila
creator: Martina Smolić
creator: Robert Smolić
creator: Gregor Stiglic
creator: Roberta Testa
creator: Renāte Teterovska
creator: Fiona Timmins
creator: Dominika Vrbnjak
creator: Jasenka Vujanić
creator: Laura Widger
creator: Kinga Zdunek
creator: Martina Gooney
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 John SG Wells, Florian Scheibein, Alvisa Palese , Ivana Barać, Jan Beger, Ieva Bikava, Aelita Bredelytė, Keith Byrne, Frances Cleary (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
starting page: 322
ending page: 331
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0037

Nursing in nutritional support in cancerpatients – case study
type: item
description: Aim. Malnutrition is a serious problem for cancer patients. Material and methods. We chose a qualitative research method called case study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with the patients, focusing on changes in the satisfaction of nutritional needs arising from the impact of the disease. The interview was complemented by patient observation and his physical screening examination. We also used standardised measurement tools. Results. In terms of nutritional status, a nursing diagnosis of Nutritional Imbalance: a deficiency of nutrients with respect to the body’s requirements was identified in all three cases. As for the fluid intake, the Risk for deficient fluid intake was determined in all cases. Based on the nursing diagnoses, we planned nursing interventions aimed at eliminating the patients’ problems. Prior to discharge to home care, patients were educated by the nurse on nutritional interventions and fluid intake. Comparison of outcomes on admission and after 11 weeks demonstrated improvement in nutritional status and fluid balance in all 3 cases. Conclusions. For effective systematisation of nutritional support in cancer patients, we recommend nurses to use the nursing intervention algorithm. The implementation of the nursing intervention algorithm into practice, confirmed its impact on the elimination of the development of malnutrition in cancer patients.
subject: Case studies
  topic: section
subject: malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: oncology
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
creator: Jarmila Kristová
creator: Emília Miklovičová
creator: Zuzana Bachratá
creator: Martina Solárová
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jarmila Kristová, Emília Miklovičová, Zuzana Bachratá, Martina Solárová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 339
ending page: 346
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0036

The level of nurses’ knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access – is there a needfor further education in this area?
type: item
description: Aim. The aim of the study was to assess nurses’ knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 153 individuals, predominantly women and urban residents. The average age of respondents was 30.6 years, and their average work experience in the profession was 7.9 years. More than half of the respondents held a bachelor’s degree in nursing. The study utilised a diagnostic survey method and a questionnaire technique. The analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and the chi-square test. Results. A high and very high level of knowledge was demonstrated by 35 (22.9%) and 43 (28.1%) respondents, respectively. The average number of correct answers was 19.4 points. The highest number of correct responses was given to questions concerning the essence, purpose, legal foundations, and principles of caring for a patient with a short peripheral intravenous catheter, while fewer correct answers were given regarding the use of midline catheters. Conclusions. The respondents demonstrated a relatively high overall level of knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access. A significant impact of age, place of residence, work experience in the nursing profession, and the type of pre- and postgraduate education completed on the level of knowledge presented was observed.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: nurse
  topic: keywords
subject: vascular access
  topic: keywords
subject: midline catheter
  topic: keywords
subject: intravenous peripheral cannula
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanna Grabowska
creator: Paulina Sójkowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Grabowska (Tłumacz); Paulina Sójkowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 284
ending page: 293
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0035

Practical guidelines for nursing and midwifery diabetes care – 2026. A position of the Polish Federation for Education in Diabetology
type: item
description: Aim. Presenting a set of procedures describing nursing interventions in diabetes care, including currently available scientific evidence and clinical experience of specialists involved in the care of diabetic patients. Material and methods. The study involved a literature review of selected areas of nursing practice in diabetes care. When compiling the material, the priority was to use data from: randomized controlled clinical trials and their meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies and other studies with lower levels of evidence. Results. Based on an analysis of the collected material, 14 procedures and 4 guidelines have been developed, describing selected aspects of nursing interventions in diabetic patients. Each of the procedures details key recommendations on diabetes care, arranged in accordance of the significance ascribed to the scientific evidence analyzed. Conclusions. The 2026 PFED guidelines on nursing diabetes care are the effect of the evaluation of the previous versions and comprise an updated, considerably more extensive, comprehensive and evidence-based set of practices. The major asset of these guidelines is their interdisciplinarity, reflected in the fact that the final version of the publication was approved by consultants in nursing fields, a consultant in diabetology, and representatives of the medical community from the Polish Diabetes Society. The authors experience gained during work on international recommendations (New Insulin Delivery Recommendations) played an important role when formulating the present guidelines.
subject: Guidelines, Review and Report
  topic: section
subject: procedures
  topic: keywords
subject: recommendations
  topic: keywords
subject: nurse
  topic: keywords
subject: midwife
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Alicja Szewczyk
creator: Natasza Tobiasz-Kałkun
creator: Anna Stefanowicz-Bielska
creator: Ewa Kobos
creator: Justyna Kapuściok
creator: Agnieszka Karczewska
creator: Kamila Mazuryk
creator: Beata Hornik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 347
ending page: 400
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0034

Nurses’ ability to function in an intercultural environment in light of their competenceand cultural intelligence
type: item
description: Aim. Assessment of the relationship between cultural competences of the nursing staff , level of their cultural intelligence and the ability to participate eff ectively in intercultural interactions. Material and methods. The study included a group of 221 nurses and nurse practitioners, Standardised tools for the measurement of cultural intelligence - Cultural Intelligence Scale, and cultural competences - Cross-Cultural Competence Inventory). Statistical analyses were performed using the software Microsoft Excel 365, and Statistica 13.3. The level of significance was set at α=0.05. Results. A longer work experience was associated with higher lie scale scores, and the level of self-presentation decreased with nurses’ age. The level of cultural intelligence was high with respect to metacognitive intelligence while it was low regarding cognitive intelligence. The higher metacognitive intelligence, the higher the results obtained by the respondents according to the scales contributing to cultural competences, except for the scale concerning tolerance. Conclusions. It is necessary to continue studies assessing cultural competences of nurses, which may constitute a point of reference for the management staff in order to design educational programmes at the workplace to strengthen cultural competences of nurses and the quality of the health care provided.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: cross-cultural competence
  topic: keywords
subject: staﬀ members
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdalena Brodowicz-Król
creator: Monika Kaczoruk
creator: Maria Malm
creator: Edyta Skiba
creator: Joanna Chowaniec
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Magdalena Brodowicz-Król, Monika Kaczoruk, Maria Malm, Edyta Skiba, Joanna Chowaniec (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
starting page: 269
ending page: 283
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0033

Anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care: A grounded theory study
type: item
description: Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop a deeper understanding of anaesthetic nurses’ attitudes towards patient safety in anaesthesia care. Material and methods. The study employed a classical grounded theory approach with a qualitative design developed by Corbin and Strauss, utilising open, selective, and axial coding to analyse data and generate concepts. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 14 anaesthetic nurses from hospitals in the Czech Republic. Results. Patient safety represents the primary professional and ethical priority for anaesthetic nurses. These nurses establish the conditions necessary for providing safe anaesthesia care: “Prepared nurse”, “Prepared workplace”, “Prepared/safeguarded patient”, “Collaboration in anaesthesia team”, and “Safety culture in the organisation”. Based on these findings, the theory “Anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care” was developed. Conclusions. This article summarises anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care. Our findings can assist policymakers and healthcare managers at various levels in creating favourable working and legislative conditions for safe care provided by anaesthetic nurses.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: patient safety
  topic: keywords
subject: grounded theory
  topic: keywords
subject: anaesthetic nurse
  topic: keywords
subject: anaesthesia care
  topic: keywords
creator: Petra Bejvančická
creator: Iva Brabcová
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Petra Bejvančická, Iva Brabcová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 265
ending page: 268
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0032

Tools for assessing nurses’ stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals with mental illness
type: item
description: TOOLS FOR ASSESSING NURSES’ STIGMATIZING ATTITUDES TOWARD INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS Aim. To provide an overview of valid and reliable tools designed to measure nurses’ stigmatising attitudes toward individuals with mental illness, and to compare these tools based on their psychometric properties and applicability in clinical nursing practice. Material and methods. Licensed databases were utilised, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and EBSCO databases (2000-2023). Relevant studies retrieved from the three databases were included in the narrative review. Data evaluation followed the PRISMA checklist. Results. A total of 171 studies focused on measuring nurses’ stigmatising attitudes toward individuals with mental illness were identified. Based on selection criteria, 12 studies were included in the final analysis. The following tools were used to assess the level of stigmatisation: Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill, Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers, Perceived Professional Stigma Scale, Attribution Questionnaire, Attitudes Towards Acute Mental Health Scale, Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire, and Opinions about Mental Illness. Conclusions. The selected tools demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, confirming their usefulness for assessing stigmatisation among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses. However, their application in different sociocultural contexts requires further validation and reliability testing on representative samples of respondents within those settings.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: stigma
  topic: keywords
subject: nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: mental ill
  topic: keywords
creator: Kornélie Kantorová
creator: Martina Tomagová
creator: Aleš Vrána
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kornélie Kantorová, Martina Tomagová, Aleš Vrána (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 258
ending page: 264
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0031

What should be kept in mind when treating acne with oral contraceptives? Narrative review
type: item
description: WHAT SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN TREATING ACNE WITH ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES? NARRATIVE REVIEW Introduction. Acne vulgaris is a common dermatosis where hormonal factors, particularly androgens that increase sebum production, play a key role. This hormonal basis makes therapies with anti-androgenic effects, such as Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs), a logical and effective treatment strategy. This review will describe the effectiveness and mechanisms of COCs in managing acne. Aim. The aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness and effects of COC use in the treatment of acne, taking into account acne as a secondary lesion in the course of the below-mentioned conditions. Material and methods. The medical literature was reviewed on October 19, 2024 using the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar browsers using the keywords: hormonal contraception, acne vulgaris. The time frame for searching the sample was from 2017 to the current date of the search. 15 articles were identified in the Google Scholar database, 12 in the PubMed database and 26 in the Scopus database. Results. COCs can be effective in treating acne vulgaris due to their antiandrogenic properties. Androgens are believed to stimulate the growth of sebaceous glands and increase sebum production, contributing to acne formation. COCs are also used to manage other endocrine disorders associated with elevated androgen levels, such as hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusions. Acne vulgaris continues to be an important medical and social problem. This dermatosis affects not only young people, but also endocrinological patients or patients receiving permanent treatment. Knowledge of the mechanism of its formation and the role of hormones in its pathogenesis may allow it to determine the appropriate treatment algorithm.
subject: Review papers
  topic: section
subject: contraceptives
  topic: keywords
subject: treating acne
  topic: keywords
subject: acne vulgaris
  topic: keywords
subject: antiandrogens
  topic: keywords
creator: Pola Bakalczuk
creator: Małgorzata Satora
creator: Arkadiusz Grunwald
creator: Krzysztof Kułak
creator: Kinga Brzuszkiewicz
creator: Grzegorz Bakalczuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pola Bakalczuk, Małgorzata Satora, Arkadiusz Grunwald, Krzysztof Kułak, Kinga Brzuszkiewicz, Grzegorz Bakalczuk (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 250
ending page: 257
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0030

Accepting, adapting and transcending: living with type 1 diabetes – a human becoming perspective
type: item
description: ACCEPTING, ADAPTING AND TRANSCENDING: LIVING WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES A HUMAN BECOMING PERSPECTIVE Aim. The study aims to investigate the lived experience of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, focusing on the challenges, adaptation strategies, and psychosocial eﬀects, through the approach of the Theory of Human Becoming. Material and methods. The research adopted a qualitative approach, with data collection through semi-structured interviews with 11 Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Thematic analysis was used to process the data, highlighting three main themes: making sense of the disease, adapting to the rhythm of everyday life, and overcoming diﬃculties. Results. The diagnosis of Type1 diabetesmellitusis accompaniedby initial feelingsof shock, sadness,and denial. Gradually, patientsdeveloped self-management strategies, enhancing their resilience and self-awareness. Social support from family and friends played a key role in accepting and managing the disease. Despite the challenges, the experience of the disease led to personal growth and a redefinition of priorities in life. Conclusions. The theory of Human Becoming provides valuable direction for understanding the experience of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. A holistic and personalized approach to care can enhance disease management, promoting patients’ quality of life and personal development.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: type 1 diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: meaning
  topic: keywords
subject: human becoming
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgia Liampa
creator: Aikaterini Toska
creator: Paraskevi Maria Prapa
creator: Maria Saridi
creator: Vissarion Bakalis
creator: Eleni Albani
creator: Pavlos Sarafis
creator: Chryssoula Dafogianni
creator: Evangelos Fradelos
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgia Liampa, Aikaterini Toska, Paraskevi Maria Prapa, Maria Saridi, Vissarion Bakalis, Eleni Albani, Pavlos Sarafis, Chryssoula Dafogianni, Evangelos Fradelos (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 235
ending page: 240
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0029

The value of high-fidelity simulationin the professional development of emergency services – preliminary reports
type: item
description: THE VALUE OF HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATION IN THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY SERVICES – PRELIMINARY REPORTS Aim. The aim of the study was to gather the opinions of emergency service personnel, which are Emergency Medical Services, and the Fire and the Police Services- regarding workshops aimed at improving emergency response competencies using medical simulation methods. Material and methods. The present study employed a descriptive, qualitative research approach. Researchers asked open-ended questions in the form of a survey directed at the workshop participants, with a focus on their opinions regarding the implementation of the workshop project using high-fidelity simulation methods. Results. The content analysis of the interviews was coded to identify recurring patterns, themes, and categories, which formed the basis for organizing the results and drawing conclusions. The findings were presented in three key areas: the practical usefulness of the subject matter, the educational value of the medical simulation method, and prospects for the development of professional competencies. Conclusions. Workshop participants who were emergency service representatives (firefighters, police oﬃcers, and paramedics) viewed the workshop topics positively. They expressed a preference for using medical simulation as a method that enables the acquisition and improvement of skills in conditions that are safe for both the learner and the patient/victim. The participants identified further training in pediatric procedures and tactical medicine as particularly desirable.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: high-fidelity medical simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency response competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: police
  topic: keywords
subject: fire department
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency medical services
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Zalewska
creator: Jakub Zalewski
creator: Tomasz Ilczak
creator: Danuta Zarzycka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Zalewska, Jakub Zalewski, Tomasz Ilczak, Danuta Zarzycka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 225
ending page: 234
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0028

How empathic are midwifery students?
type: item
description: HOW EMPATHIC ARE MIDWIFERY STUDENTS? Aim. The aim of the described study was to evaluate levels of empathy among midwifery students in Faculties of Croatia, Slovenia, Belgium and Poland; each state representing diff erent regions of Europe, but at the same time all of them have similarities of midwifery education due to EU directives. Material and methods. Quantitative study was undertaken, by using a validated research instrument – Midwifery Empathy Scale (MES) that was translated through double blind procedure for each country. A purposive sample of midwifery students was used, including students of 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year undergraduate studies . The Ethics committee of the faculty approved the research design. Basic descriptive measures were calculated. Results. The statement that achieved highest rating on MES scale was »I believe that empathy plays an important role in midwifery care«, while the least agreed upon were: »Women’s emotions do not concern me, I do not get emotionally aff ected when I see a woman cry and Very sensitive women irritate me«. Altogether, mean values did not diff er when comparing 1st year and last year midwifery students, with average score being 59 on a MES-R. Conclusions. We can not conclude that current curriculum in the researched institutions foster empathy levels of the students, however some diff erences indicated possible cultural components.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: empathic midwifery
  topic: keywords
subject: students attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional work
  topic: keywords
creator: Polona Ana Mivšek
creator: Deana Švaljug
creator: Joeri Vermeulen
creator: Małgorzata Nagórska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Polona Ana Mivšek, Deana Švaljug, Joeri Vermeulen, Małgorzata Nagórska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 218
ending page: 224
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0027

Assessment of the functional status of pulmonary patients over 65 years of age
type: item
description: ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF PULMONARY PATIENTS OVER 65 YEARS OF AGE Introduction. Functional fitness and independence in daily activities are crucial elements that contribute to the quality of life in elderly individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the functional fitness of elderly patients with pulmonary diseases, evaluate their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), and examine their cognitive, social, and emotional well-being. Methods. The study included 80 patients aged 65 and older, recruited from the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Pulmonology Center. Functional fitness was evaluated using the ADL, IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), and the NOSGER scale. Results. Over half of participants (57%) were aged between 65 and 74 years, with a balanced gender distribution. Most participants reported having 4 to 5 comorbidities. The mean ADL score was 5.26 ± 1.15. ADL scores were significantly higher in younger participants (p = 0.006) and those who were married (p = 0.015). The mean IADL score was 20.08 ± 4.2, with women scoring higher than men (p = 0.038). IADL scores declined with age (p = 0.042) and increased with the number of comorbidities (p = 0.010). The mean on the NOSGER scale was 65.09 ± 14.10 score, with the greatest impairments noted in social behavior, mood, and instrumental activities of daily living. The highest scores according to the NOSGER scores were associated with more comorbidities and widowhood (p = 0.025). Conclusions. Functional ability and independence in elderly individuals decline with age and the presence of multiple comorbidities. Gender, marital status, and social support significantly contribute to maintaining independence. The results highlight the need to intensify support eﬀorts for individuals in the oldest age group (85+ years) to help preserve their functionality and independence.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: functional fitness
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly
  topic: keywords
subject: ADL
  topic: keywords
subject: IADL
  topic: keywords
subject: NOSGER
  topic: keywords
creator: Agnieszka Pluta
creator: Alicja Marzec
creator: Eliza Poturalska
creator: Marzena Humańska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Pluta, Alicja Marzec, Eliza Poturalska, Marzena Humańska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 188
ending page: 197
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0026

Quality of life of patients with diabetic retinopathy receiving anti-VEGF therapy
type: item
description: QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY RECEIVING ANTI-VEGF THERAPY Aim. The aim of the study is to analyse opinions of patients with diabetic retinopathy on the impact of anti-VEGF therapy on their quality of life and general health. Material and methods. The research was conducted between April and July 2023. The study group consisted of 100 people with diabetic retinopathy who were undergoing treatment with VEGF inhibitors. A self-designed survey and the EQ-5D-5L VAS questionnaire were used as research tools. Results. In the majority of respondents, the duration of diabetes was estimated to be more than 5 years (87%), while DMO was diagnosed 1-5 years ago (63%). Respondents had received an average of 8±6 intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF. The respondents reported an improvement in quality of life in all EQ-5D-5L VAS dimensions after treatment. Especially, it was an increase in the percentage of respondents who had no problems increased in the dimension of performing usual activities (from 24% to 61%), and in the anxiety/depression dimension (from 16% to 61%). After the treatment, the indexes of quality of life and health status improved regardless of gender, age, place of residence, education, marital status or employment status. Conclusions. Anti-VEGF therapy has a signifi cant impact on better self-assessment of the health status of people with diabetic retinopathy and improvement of their quality of life.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetic retinopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: intravitreal injection
  topic: keywords
subject: state of health
  topic: keywords
creator: Beata Babiarczyk
creator: Agnieszka Haratyk
creator: Beata Guzak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Beata Babiarczyk, Agnieszka Haratyk, Beata Guzak (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
starting page: 241
ending page: 249
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0025

Over-the-counter pain reliever (OTC-PR) abuse by adolescents aged 13-19 years – pilot study
type: item
description: OVER-THE-COUNTER PAIN RELIEVER (OTC-PR) ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS AGED 13-19 YEARS – PILOT STUDY Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the level and reasons for using OTC-PR among people aged 13-19. Material and methods. The study was conducted as a diagnosticsurvey. Participation was voluntary and anonymous,, or in case of minors with parental consent. Out of 600 questionnaires provided, 365 (60.8%) were returned correctly completed. The average age of the participants was 16.43, women to men ratio: 61.6/8.4%. Results. The most common reason for taking OTC-PR was headaches (75%), abdominal pain (48%), menstrual pain (42%). Students who experienced pain more often, took medication on their own without consulting an adult, had lower symptoms and bought OTC-PR in a store and (r=-0.39-0.46) were significantly more likely to take OTC-PR, abused them more often and combined different medications more often (correlations: r=0.49-0.39). In addition, femalestudents, who experienced pain more often and required a higher effective dose, were more likely to take sedatives/hypnotics (r=-0.22). Conclusions. The use, abuse and exposure to adverse effects of OTC-PR are very common among young people, more often in people who buy medications on their own, mainly in non-pharmacy sales. Pharmacological education of teenagers and support from the school nurse are necessary. The use of medicinal products should always be under the supervision of anadult.
subject: Original papers
  topic: section
subject: teenagers
  topic: keywords
subject: abuse
  topic: keywords
subject: youth
  topic: keywords
subject: over-the-counter
  topic: keywords
subject: pain-relieving medications
  topic: keywords
creator: Maja Trelińska
creator: Justyna Cwajda-Białasik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 198
ending page: 210
doi: 10.12923/pielxxiw-2025-0024