SUBMISSIONS - Active access the editorial and publishing platform for authors and reviewers. Click to log in. ISSN: 1730-1912 e-ISSN: 2450-646X Quarterly CALL FOR PAPERS - Fragile Lives Strong Care Ethical Reflections on Vulnerability in Nursing. The Journal Nursing in the 21st Century (Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku) invites submissions for a special issue examining and exploring the notion of vulnerability within the context of nursing care, with a particular focus on its ethical implications. Read more here. The journal Nursing in the 21st Century has been regularly published since 2002. Nursing in the 21st Century is issued quarterly, and the subject matter of the published articles includes: nursing, midwifery and other health sciences. According to the list of scientific journals prepared by the Ministry of Science and Education from 17th July 2023, Nursing in the 21st Century obtained 40 points. The journal is indexed in the prestigious databases ERIH PLUS, SCOPUS, Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citaiton Index. In Index Copernicus, Index Copernicus Value (ICV) for the year 2024 is equal to 142.00 points. Journal Metrics: Impact Factor 0.4; JCI 0.14; Cite Score 0.5; SJR 0.175; SNIP 0.187; MEiN 40; ICV 142,00. Rejection rate: 43% Purchase of the archival edition (2017-2021) in paperback: online via e-mail: journals@umlub.edu.pl
Application of methods in historical nursing research
APPLICATION OF METHODS IN HISTORICAL NURSING RESEARCH Introduction. The article discusses the application of historical methods in nursing research. Aim. The aim of this study is to give an overview of published studies on historical nursing research and to consider how historical methods can help in understanding the profession’s past and present relevance. Methods. The analysis includes studies published between 2009 and 2023. A total of six studies were identified. In all cases, the authors conducted historical research using appropriate historical methodologies. Each selected study was based on archival research involving the analysis of primary sources. In addition to archival materials, two studies also employed the method of oral history. Case studies and biographical narratives were used as supplementary research strategies. Results. Historical research shows how nursing has changed over time and highlights contributions that might otherwise be overlooked. It provides insights that are useful in teaching and shaping professional identity and encourages reflection on practice. Overall, the findings indicate that historical work continues in this field to be relevant both to the education of nurses and to the preparation of health professionals. Conclusions. The findings indicate that historical research in nursing employs a diverse range of methodological approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimira Pospisilova, Valérie Tóthová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pilot testing of the Czech version of the „Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain” (KASRP-CZ) among nursing students
PILOT TESTING OF THE CZECH VERSION OF THE „KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES SURVEY REGARDING PAIN” (KASRP-CZ) AMONG NURSING STUDENTS Aim. Good quality pain management requires suﬃcient knowledge and attitudes. The widely used KASRP questionnaire had not previously been tested in the Czech Republic and therefore was pilot tested in this study. To evaluate the comprehensibility and preliminary usability of the Czech version of the KASRP questionnaire (KASRP-CZ) among nursing students and to identify areas for improvement. Material and methods. A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2025 among 48 third-year nursing students, who completed the paper-based KASRP-CZ questionnaire anonymously. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the effect of prior healthcare experience was assessed using with the t-test . Participants rated the questionnaire’s comprehensibility and provided open-ended feedback. Results. The average knowledge score was 51.5%, with one-third of students scoring below 50%. Content validity was confirmed, though some instructions were unclear. The mean comprehensibility rating was 3.19/5, with students reporting diﬃculties mainly in case studies and opioid-related questions. Prior healthcare experience had no significant effect on scores (p = 0.529). Conclusions. The KASRP-CZ questionnaire demonstrated acceptable clarity and content validity in this pilot study. Identified knowledge gaps–particularly in opioid pharmacology and clinical decision-making–highlight the need to strengthen pain education in Czech nursing curricula. The instrument is suitable for further research and educational use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iryna Matějková, Katerina Ivanová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors aﬀecting biochemical indicators of blood among obese children – an integrative literature review
Introduction. Prevention of complications of chronic diseases in children and adolescents is nowadays receiving increasing concern. Blood biochemistry analysis is one of the key and precise diagnostic tools in medicine, which is used to assess state of functioning of individual organs and systems in human body, as well as to identify possible metabolic disorders, diagnosis of health problem, risk assessment, screening or monitoring of treatment. Aim. The purpose of this research was to provide an integrative review of existing research examining the relationship between blood chemistry in children. Material and methods. The study included 40 articles published between 2013 and 2023. The research focused mainly on correlations between obesity and the levels of mineral elements, vitamins, hormones, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and insulin levels, as well as the condition of the cardiovascular and osteoarticular system. Summary. Increased efforts to prevent metabolic disorders and obesity in child population need further reinforcement
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nurses’ perceptions of artificial intelligence use in clinical practice: a qualitative study
Aim. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) raises several uncertainties about its impact on nursing and health care in general. To date, not much attention has been paid to the views of practicing nurses on the use of this technology, leaving a research gap in this area. The aim of the study was to explore nurses’ current perceptions of the use of AI in their profession and examine the associated benefits and ethical considerations of this technological innovation. Material and methods. A qualitative, exploratory design was used. Fifteen Slovenian nurses submitted their written reflections and participated in two focus groups on this topic. Results. The following three themes were identified: AI limitations (categories: Empathy and Communication, and Clinical Reasoning), potential benefits of AI (categories: Work Efficiency and Improving Nursing as a Discipline), and social & managerial concerns (categories: Acceptance of AI and Implementation and Use). Conclusions. The identified themes and categories direct the process of adopting the innovation of AI in nursing and reflect its specificity. Furthermore, they highlight the need for a paradigm shift in nursing that can be expected with the use of this technology in clinical nursing practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Igor Karnjuš, Boštjan Žvanut (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative knowledge of aging between geriatric and general nurses: a cross-sectional study in Croatia
ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE KNOWLEDGE OF AGING BETWEEN GERIATRIC AND GENERAL NURSES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN CROATIA Introduction. Accurate knowledge of aging is essential for nurses to provide competent care to older adults. However, diff erences in this knowledge between geriatric and non-geriatric nurses remain underexplored in Central and Eastern Europe. Aim. To compare the knowledge about aging between geriatric and general nurses in Croatia using Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,048 nurses across Croatia. Participants included 250 geriatric and 798 general nurses. An online survey, including Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz, was distributed. Descriptive statistics and chisquare tests were used for the analysis. Results. Most of the quiz questions revealed no statistically signifi cant diff erences. However, general nurses were signifi cantly less likely to correctly agree that “about 80% of older adults report being healthy enough to carry out normal activities” (χ² = 6.847, p = 0.009). Conclusions. Both groups of nurses exhibit knowledge gaps related to aging. Geriatric nurses demonstrate slightly better awareness of self-reported health among older adults. Tailored gerontological education should be implemented across all nursing domains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nutritional status and functional performanceof patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation
Aim. The aim of the study is to assess nutritional status and the risk of health deterioration, deterioration of functional capacity or death within the next two years in relation to demographics of patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation. Material and methods. The study was conducted on 211 patients aged 65 years or older qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation. Results. The mean age of the respondents was 78 ± 7.56 years. Most of the respondents of the study group were women. Patients in the age groups 65-74 years and 75-84 years declared similar nutritional status. The risk of health deterioration, functional capacity and death increased with age. Conclusions. The risk of malnutrition and diagnosed malnutrition were mostly observed in patients aged 85 years and older. The growing risk of significant deterioration of health and functional capacity in patients qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation were attributed to aging, being unmarried, less educated and having poorer nutritional status. Improvement of the nutritional status, particularly in people at the age of 85 years or older, qualified for cardiac pacemaker implantation, is one of the key factors contributing to a lower risk of significant deterioration of health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Elżbieta Kołodziej , Joanna Chrobak-Bień, Tomasz Wcisło, Michał Plewka, Ewa Borowiak (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Low-profile balloon gastrostomy – prospective evaluation
Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected parameters of the nutritional treatment process in Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN) patients with a low-profile balloon gastrostomy. Material and methods. Fourteen HEN patients who had a low-profile balloon gastrostomy in December 2024 were included in the study. Patient data were collected from medical records from the HEN procedure qualification and during follow-up visits. Results. The majority of patients had normal biochemical parameters for nutritional status at baseline and during follow-up, while their BMI was below normal. None of the patients had any discharge around the gavage site. All patients had no problems with tube rotation or patency. The presence of a reaction around the gavage site was noted in four patients at the start of follow-up, with improvement observed thereafter. Granulation tissue was observed in one patient at the time of low-profile gastrostomy insertion. Conclusions. HEN patients with low-profile balloon gastrostomy placement generally have a low incidence of complications related to the presence of artificial access to the gastrointestinal tract.. The use of this type of tube in daily clinical practice should be considered on a case-by-case basis. It is advocated that this type of tube should be used more frequently in the HEN procedure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Filip Biernacki, Krystyna Majewska, Jacek Sobocki (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maastricht criteria III in the global context: a systematic review of development and implementation
Aim. This review examines the development and implementation of the Maastricht Criteria III in controlled (cDCD) and uncontrolled (uDCD) Donation after Circulatory Death in various healthcare systems, evaluates compliance with the no-touch interval, and the influence of opt-in versus opt-out consent models on the availability and use of donor organs. Material and methods. Following Evidence-Based Practice principles, a systematic search was performed in full-text electronic databases covering healthcare, bioethics, and transplantation sciences. Peer-reviewed, full-text studies relevant to DCD classification and clinical application were included. Additionally, a critical methodological quality appraisal of all included studies was conducted using a standardised tool, thereby enhancing the robustness of our conclusions. Results. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria, addressing DCD classification, consent frameworks, no-touch interval adherence, and organ procurement impact. Substantial international variability emerged: presumed consent (opt-out) systems achieved higher donor conversion rates, whereas extended no-touch intervals detrimentally affected organ viability. Conclusions. This review presents a structured analysis of Maastricht Criteria III application, particularly in Europe. cDCD follows increasingly standardised protocols, while uDCD remains inconsistently implemented due to ethical and logistical challenges. To enhance donor identification, organ utilisation, and transplantation outcomes, it is essential to standardise protocols, refine ischemia-mitigation techniques, and strengthen international collaboration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jana Křivková, Jiří Šimek, Alena Lochmannová, Pavel Leden (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Autonomy among professional nurses – validation of the Dempster Practice BehaviorScale (DPBS) in Poland
Aim. A proper understanding of autonomy can enhance patient care, reduce occupational burnout, foster professional socialisation, and elevate the quality of work among nurses. The Dempster Practice Behavior Scale has been translated into several languages and is widely used in worldwide scientific research with favorable outcomes. Material and methods. The evaluation of the credibility, reliability, and psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale. Results. The study involved the participation of 338 nurses and utilised the DPBS questionnaire. To validate the DPBS questionnaire, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation was undertaken alongside Horne’s parallel analysis and scree plot adoption. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through Pearson’s r correlation and Cronbach’s alpha coeﬃcient, considering values greater than 0.7 as satisfactory. Conclusions. The parallel analysis yielded four primary factors and corresponding item subgroups, accounting for 47.6% of the total variance. Factor loadings varied between 0.40 and 0.72. The Polish version of DPBS-P exhibits a high-reliability score, making it a standardised tool for measuring nurse autonomy. Cultural adaptation necessitated altering the number of items and corresponding names of the DPBS-P factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Sadowska, Bożena Czarkowska-Pączek (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An exploratory survey of the digital technology readiness of the health care workforce across nine EU member states
Introduction. Recent crises such as COVID-19, cyber-attacks on health care digital infrastructure, mass migration and war, highlight the crucial role of digital technology in service delivery. The establishment of the EU4 Health Programme in 2021, emphasized the need for an EU wide comprehensive enhancement of workforce digital skills with an emphasis on crisis resilience. At present there is almost no comparative EU wide workforce survey research in this area to inform effective policy implementation. Aim. To explore the use of digital technologies, the expressed training needs, the wellbeing and perception of organisational capacities referenced to digital technology across health care workforce in nine European Union states. Methods. A 36-item survey was developed focused on digital competencies, digital use, cybersecurity awareness, training needs, sense of wellbeing and perception of organisational readiness to implement digital change, utilising convenience sampling. For purposes of analysis workforce respondents were divided between clinical and non-clinical staff. Data was analysed using SPSS according to a pre-registered analysis plan. Results. After data cleaning, 2,028 respondents’ answers were analysed. Non-clinical staff demonstrated higher proficiency and usage rates in digital technologies. Significant differences between non-clinical and clinical staff were noted in security awareness, with clinical staff having significantly less knowledge/ awareness. All respondents perceived their organisations as only moderately ready to implement digital health care change. Conclusions. These exploratory results highlight need for policy development and interventions that enhance digital competencies across the EU health workforce. The results also suggest there is a need to address organisational capacities to support both training of the workforce and effective use of the workforce’s digital skills once these are acquired.
Copyright (c) 2025 John SG Wells, Florian Scheibein, Alvisa Palese , Ivana Barać, Jan Beger, Ieva Bikava, Aelita Bredelytė, Keith Byrne, Frances Cleary (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nursing in nutritional support in cancerpatients – case study
Aim. Malnutrition is a serious problem for cancer patients. Material and methods. We chose a qualitative research method called case study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with the patients, focusing on changes in the satisfaction of nutritional needs arising from the impact of the disease. The interview was complemented by patient observation and his physical screening examination. We also used standardised measurement tools. Results. In terms of nutritional status, a nursing diagnosis of Nutritional Imbalance: a deficiency of nutrients with respect to the body’s requirements was identified in all three cases. As for the fluid intake, the Risk for deficient fluid intake was determined in all cases. Based on the nursing diagnoses, we planned nursing interventions aimed at eliminating the patients’ problems. Prior to discharge to home care, patients were educated by the nurse on nutritional interventions and fluid intake. Comparison of outcomes on admission and after 11 weeks demonstrated improvement in nutritional status and fluid balance in all 3 cases. Conclusions. For effective systematisation of nutritional support in cancer patients, we recommend nurses to use the nursing intervention algorithm. The implementation of the nursing intervention algorithm into practice, confirmed its impact on the elimination of the development of malnutrition in cancer patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jarmila Kristová, Emília Miklovičová, Zuzana Bachratá, Martina Solárová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The level of nurses’ knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access – is there a needfor further education in this area?
Aim. The aim of the study was to assess nurses’ knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 153 individuals, predominantly women and urban residents. The average age of respondents was 30.6 years, and their average work experience in the profession was 7.9 years. More than half of the respondents held a bachelor’s degree in nursing. The study utilised a diagnostic survey method and a questionnaire technique. The analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and the chi-square test. Results. A high and very high level of knowledge was demonstrated by 35 (22.9%) and 43 (28.1%) respondents, respectively. The average number of correct answers was 19.4 points. The highest number of correct responses was given to questions concerning the essence, purpose, legal foundations, and principles of caring for a patient with a short peripheral intravenous catheter, while fewer correct answers were given regarding the use of midline catheters. Conclusions. The respondents demonstrated a relatively high overall level of knowledge regarding peripheral vascular access. A significant impact of age, place of residence, work experience in the nursing profession, and the type of pre- and postgraduate education completed on the level of knowledge presented was observed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Grabowska (Tłumacz); Paulina Sójkowska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Practical guidelines for nursing and midwifery diabetes care – 2026. A position of the Polish Federation for Education in Diabetology
Aim. Presenting a set of procedures describing nursing interventions in diabetes care, including currently available scientific evidence and clinical experience of specialists involved in the care of diabetic patients. Material and methods. The study involved a literature review of selected areas of nursing practice in diabetes care. When compiling the material, the priority was to use data from: randomized controlled clinical trials and their meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies and other studies with lower levels of evidence. Results. Based on an analysis of the collected material, 14 procedures and 4 guidelines have been developed, describing selected aspects of nursing interventions in diabetic patients. Each of the procedures details key recommendations on diabetes care, arranged in accordance of the significance ascribed to the scientific evidence analyzed. Conclusions. The 2026 PFED guidelines on nursing diabetes care are the effect of the evaluation of the previous versions and comprise an updated, considerably more extensive, comprehensive and evidence-based set of practices. The major asset of these guidelines is their interdisciplinarity, reflected in the fact that the final version of the publication was approved by consultants in nursing fields, a consultant in diabetology, and representatives of the medical community from the Polish Diabetes Society. The authors experience gained during work on international recommendations (New Insulin Delivery Recommendations) played an important role when formulating the present guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nurses’ ability to function in an intercultural environment in light of their competenceand cultural intelligence
Aim. Assessment of the relationship between cultural competences of the nursing staff , level of their cultural intelligence and the ability to participate eff ectively in intercultural interactions. Material and methods. The study included a group of 221 nurses and nurse practitioners, Standardised tools for the measurement of cultural intelligence - Cultural Intelligence Scale, and cultural competences - Cross-Cultural Competence Inventory). Statistical analyses were performed using the software Microsoft Excel 365, and Statistica 13.3. The level of significance was set at α=0.05. Results. A longer work experience was associated with higher lie scale scores, and the level of self-presentation decreased with nurses’ age. The level of cultural intelligence was high with respect to metacognitive intelligence while it was low regarding cognitive intelligence. The higher metacognitive intelligence, the higher the results obtained by the respondents according to the scales contributing to cultural competences, except for the scale concerning tolerance. Conclusions. It is necessary to continue studies assessing cultural competences of nurses, which may constitute a point of reference for the management staff in order to design educational programmes at the workplace to strengthen cultural competences of nurses and the quality of the health care provided.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magdalena Brodowicz-Król, Monika Kaczoruk, Maria Malm, Edyta Skiba, Joanna Chowaniec (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care: A grounded theory study
Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop a deeper understanding of anaesthetic nurses’ attitudes towards patient safety in anaesthesia care. Material and methods. The study employed a classical grounded theory approach with a qualitative design developed by Corbin and Strauss, utilising open, selective, and axial coding to analyse data and generate concepts. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 14 anaesthetic nurses from hospitals in the Czech Republic. Results. Patient safety represents the primary professional and ethical priority for anaesthetic nurses. These nurses establish the conditions necessary for providing safe anaesthesia care: “Prepared nurse”, “Prepared workplace”, “Prepared/safeguarded patient”, “Collaboration in anaesthesia team”, and “Safety culture in the organisation”. Based on these findings, the theory “Anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care” was developed. Conclusions. This article summarises anaesthetic nurses’ conditions for ensuring patient safety during anaesthesia care. Our findings can assist policymakers and healthcare managers at various levels in creating favourable working and legislative conditions for safe care provided by anaesthetic nurses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petra Bejvančická, Iva Brabcová (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tools for assessing nurses’ stigmatizingattitudes toward individuals with mentalillness
TOOLS FOR ASSESSING NURSES’ STIGMATIZING ATTITUDES TOWARD INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS Aim. To provide an overview of valid and reliable tools designed to measure nurses’ stigmatising attitudes toward individuals with mental illness, and to compare these tools based on their psychometric properties and applicability in clinical nursing practice. Material and methods. Licensed databases were utilised, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and EBSCO databases (2000-2023). Relevant studies retrieved from the three databases were included in the narrative review. Data evaluation followed the PRISMA checklist. Results. A total of 171 studies focused on measuring nurses’ stigmatising attitudes toward individuals with mental illness were identified. Based on selection criteria, 12 studies were included in the final analysis. The following tools were used to assess the level of stigmatisation: Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill, Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers, Perceived Professional Stigma Scale, Attribution Questionnaire, Attitudes Towards Acute Mental Health Scale, Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire, and Opinions about Mental Illness. Conclusions. The selected tools demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, confirming their usefulness for assessing stigmatisation among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses. However, their application in different sociocultural contexts requires further validation and reliability testing on representative samples of respondents within those settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kornélie Kantorová, Martina Tomagová, Aleš Vrána (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
What should be kept in mind when treating acne with oral contraceptives? Narrativereview
Introduction. Acne vulgaris is a common dermatosis where hormonal factors, particularly androgens that increase sebum production, play a key role. This hormonal basis makes therapies with anti-androgenic effects, such as Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs), a logical and effective treatment strategy. This review will describe the effectiveness and mechanisms of COCs in managing acne. Aim. The aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness and effects of COC use in the treatment of acne, taking into account acne as a secondary lesion in the course of the below-mentioned conditions. Material and methods. The medical literature was reviewed on October 19, 2024 using the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar browsers using the keywords: hormonal contraception, acne vulgaris. The time frame for searching the sample was from 2017 to the current date of the search. 15 articles were identified in the Google Scholar database, 12 in the PubMed database and 26 in the Scopus database. Results. COCs can be effective in treating acne vulgaris due to their antiandrogenic properties. Androgens are believed to stimulate the growth of sebaceous glands and increase sebum production, contributing to acne formation. COCs are also used to manage other endocrine disorders associated with elevated androgen levels, such as hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusions. Acne vulgaris continues to be an important medical and social problem. This dermatosis affects not only young people, but also endocrinological patients or patients receiving permanent treatment. Knowledge of the mechanism of its formation and the role of hormones in its pathogenesis may allow it to determine the appropriate treatment algorithm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pola Bakalczuk, Małgorzata Satora, Arkadiusz Grunwald, Krzysztof Kułak, Kinga Brzuszkiewicz, Grzegorz Bakalczuk (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accepting, adapting and transcending:living with type 1 diabetes – a humanbecoming perspective
ACCEPTING, ADAPTING AND TRANSCENDING: LIVING WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES A HUMAN BECOMING PERSPECTIVE Aim. The study aims to investigate the lived experience of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, focusing on the challenges, adaptation strategies, and psychosocial eﬀects, through the approach of the Theory of Human Becoming. Material and methods. The research adopted a qualitative approach, with data collection through semi-structured interviews with 11 Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Thematic analysis was used to process the data, highlighting three main themes: making sense of the disease, adapting to the rhythm of everyday life, and overcoming diﬃculties. Results. The diagnosis of Type1 diabetesmellitusis accompaniedby initial feelingsof shock, sadness,and denial. Gradually, patientsdeveloped self-management strategies, enhancing their resilience and self-awareness. Social support from family and friends played a key role in accepting and managing the disease. Despite the challenges, the experience of the disease led to personal growth and a redefinition of priorities in life. Conclusions. The theory of Human Becoming provides valuable direction for understanding the experience of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. A holistic and personalized approach to care can enhance disease management, promoting patients’ quality of life and personal development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Georgia Liampa, Aikaterini Toska, Paraskevi Maria Prapa, Maria Saridi, Vissarion Bakalis, Eleni Albani, Pavlos Sarafis, Chryssoula Dafogianni, Evangelos Fradelos (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The value of high-fi delity simulationin the professional development of emergencyservices – preliminary reports
THE VALUE OF HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATION IN THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY SERVICES – PRELIMINARY REPORTS Aim. The aim of the study was to gather the opinions of emergency service personnel, which are Emergency Medical Services, and the Fire and the Police Services- regarding workshops aimed at improving emergency response competencies using medical simulation methods. Material and methods. The present study employed a descriptive, qualitative research approach. Researchers asked open-ended questions in the form of a survey directed at the workshop participants, with a focus on their opinions regarding the implementation of the workshop project using high-fidelity simulation methods. Results. The content analysis of the interviews was coded to identify recurring patterns, themes, and categories, which formed the basis for organizing the results and drawing conclusions. The findings were presented in three key areas: the practical usefulness of the subject matter, the educational value of the medical simulation method, and prospects for the development of professional competencies. Conclusions. Workshop participants who were emergency service representatives (firefighters, police oﬃcers, and paramedics) viewed the workshop topics positively. They expressed a preference for using medical simulation as a method that enables the acquisition and improvement of skills in conditions that are safe for both the learner and the patient/victim. The participants identified further training in pediatric procedures and tactical medicine as particularly desirable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Zalewska, Jakub Zalewski, Tomasz Ilczak, Danuta Zarzycka (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HOW EMPATHIC ARE MIDWIFERY STUDENTS? Aim. The aim of the described study was to evaluate levels of empathy among midwifery students in Faculties of Croatia, Slovenia, Belgium and Poland; each state representing diff erent regions of Europe, but at the same time all of them have similarities of midwifery education due to EU directives. Material and methods. Quantitative study was undertaken, by using a validated research instrument – Midwifery Empathy Scale (MES) that was translated through double blind procedure for each country. A purposive sample of midwifery students was used, including students of 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year undergraduate studies . The Ethics committee of the faculty approved the research design. Basic descriptive measures were calculated. Results. The statement that achieved highest rating on MES scale was »I believe that empathy plays an important role in midwifery care«, while the least agreed upon were: »Women’s emotions do not concern me, I do not get emotionally aff ected when I see a woman cry and Very sensitive women irritate me«. Altogether, mean values did not diff er when comparing 1st year and last year midwifery students, with average score being 59 on a MES-R. Conclusions. We can not conclude that current curriculum in the researched institutions foster empathy levels of the students, however some diff erences indicated possible cultural components.
Copyright (c) 2025 Polona Ana Mivšek, Deana Švaljug, Joeri Vermeulen, Małgorzata Nagórska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the functional status of pulmonary patients over 65 years of age
ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF PULMONARY PATIENTS OVER 65 YEARS OF AGE Introduction. Functional fitness and independence in daily activities are crucial elements that contribute to the quality of life in elderly individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the functional fitness of elderly patients with pulmonary diseases, evaluate their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), and examine their cognitive, social, and emotional well-being. Methods. The study included 80 patients aged 65 and older, recruited from the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Pulmonology Center. Functional fitness was evaluated using the ADL, IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), and the NOSGER scale. Results. Over half of participants (57%) were aged between 65 and 74 years, with a balanced gender distribution. Most participants reported having 4 to 5 comorbidities. The mean ADL score was 5.26 ± 1.15. ADL scores were significantly higher in younger participants (p = 0.006) and those who were married (p = 0.015). The mean IADL score was 20.08 ± 4.2, with women scoring higher than men (p = 0.038). IADL scores declined with age (p = 0.042) and increased with the number of comorbidities (p = 0.010). The mean on the NOSGER scale was 65.09 ± 14.10 score, with the greatest impairments noted in social behavior, mood, and instrumental activities of daily living. The highest scores according to the NOSGER scores were associated with more comorbidities and widowhood (p = 0.025). Conclusions. Functional ability and independence in elderly individuals decline with age and the presence of multiple comorbidities. Gender, marital status, and social support significantly contribute to maintaining independence. The results highlight the need to intensify support eﬀorts for individuals in the oldest age group (85+ years) to help preserve their functionality and independence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Pluta, Alicja Marzec, Eliza Poturalska, Marzena Humańska (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of life of patients with diabeticretinopathy receiving anti-VEGF therapy
QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY RECEIVING ANTI-VEGF THERAPY Aim. The aim of the study is to analyse opinions of patients with diabetic retinopathy on the impact of anti-VEGF therapy on their quality of life and general health. Material and methods. The research was conducted between April and July 2023. The study group consisted of 100 people with diabetic retinopathy who were undergoing treatment with VEGF inhibitors. A self-designed survey and the EQ-5D-5L VAS questionnaire were used as research tools. Results. In the majority of respondents, the duration of diabetes was estimated to be more than 5 years (87%), while DMO was diagnosed 1-5 years ago (63%). Respondents had received an average of 8±6 intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF. The respondents reported an improvement in quality of life in all EQ-5D-5L VAS dimensions after treatment. Especially, it was an increase in the percentage of respondents who had no problems increased in the dimension of performing usual activities (from 24% to 61%), and in the anxiety/depression dimension (from 16% to 61%). After the treatment, the indexes of quality of life and health status improved regardless of gender, age, place of residence, education, marital status or employment status. Conclusions. Anti-VEGF therapy has a signifi cant impact on better self-assessment of the health status of people with diabetic retinopathy and improvement of their quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Beata Babiarczyk, Agnieszka Haratyk, Beata Guzak (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Over-the-counter pain reliever (OTC-PR) abuse by adolescents aged 13-19 years – pilot study
OVER-THE-COUNTER PAIN RELIEVER (OTC-PR) ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS AGED 13-19 YEARS – PILOT STUDY Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the level and reasons for using OTC-PR among people aged 13-19. Material and methods. The study was conducted as a diagnosticsurvey. Participation was voluntary and anonymous,, or in case of minors with parental consent. Out of 600 questionnaires provided, 365 (60.8%) were returned correctly completed. The average age of the participants was 16.43, women to men ratio: 61.6/8.4%. Results. The most common reason for taking OTC-PR was headaches (75%), abdominal pain (48%), menstrual pain (42%). Students who experienced pain more often, took medication on their own without consulting an adult, had lower symptoms and bought OTC-PR in a store and (r=-0.39-0.46) were significantly more likely to take OTC-PR, abused them more often and combined different medications more often (correlations: r=0.49-0.39). In addition, femalestudents, who experienced pain more often and required a higher effective dose, were more likely to take sedatives/hypnotics (r=-0.22). Conclusions. The use, abuse and exposure to adverse effects of OTC-PR are very common among young people, more often in people who buy medications on their own, mainly in non-pharmacy sales. Pharmacological education of teenagers and support from the school nurse are necessary. The use of medicinal products should always be under the supervision of anadult.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The attitudes of medical staff towards pain intensity assessment in newborns treated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
ABSTRACT THE ATTITUDES OF MEDICAL STAFF TOWARDS PAIN INTENSITY ASSESSMENT IN NEWBORNS TREATED IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT Introduction. Neonatal pain management is a critical aspect of care in intensive care units, yet it is often underestimated and undertreated. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical personnel regarding neonatal pain in intensive care settings, with a particular focus on neonatal nursing. Material and methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among127 healthcare professionals working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). A diagnostic survey method was applied, which included a self-authored questionnaire (SAQ) complemented by the standardized Infant Pain Questionnaire. Results. The analysis revealed signifi cant statistical diff erences (p=0.03) between two groups: those who completed a specialization in a field other than neonatal nursing (M=52.16%) and those who specialized in neonatal nursing (M=68.47%). Participants with a specialization in neonatal nursing had a signifi cantly higher level of knowledge.. The level of education had a major impact on knowledge about pain management in newborns, with a p-value of 0.006. The statistical analysis using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ² = 30.35, df = 9, p = 0.00038) revealed a signifi cant association between the professional specialisation and the recommended amount of glucose/sucrose to be administered. Conclusions. There is a concerning gap between the recognition of pain in neonates and the actual implementation of pain relief strategies. This contrast is particularly evident in the case of intubation, where pain management is often inadequate.
Ward nurses’ experiences of caring for adult patients with early signs of clinical deterioration: a qualitative study
WARD NURSES’ EXPERIENCES OF CARING FOR ADULT PATIENTS WITH EARLY SIGNS OF CLINICAL DETERIORATION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY Aim. Despite advancements in care,ward nurses still experience challenges in early detection and response, facing unnecessary delays in patient treatments. The aim of the study was to describe ward nurses’ experiences caring for adult patients with early signs of clinical deterioration. Material and methods. A qualitative content analysis approach was used. Data collection was completed through an online focus group discussion in November 2023. The meeting was attended by ten ward nurses with experience in caring for adult patients with early signs of clinical deterioration. This study complied with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). Results. The analysis identifi ed one main category:”Dealing with the challenges of care for adult patients with early signs of clinical deterioration”, which was divided into two subcategories “Early signs of deterioration assessment”, and “Response to early signs of deterioration”. Conclusions. Ward nurses perceived that unusual changes in patient’s psychosocial and physical functioning were observed at the early phase of patient deterioration. It has been observed that the negative behaviors of other clinicians aff ect the promptness of clinical response. Consequently, there is a need to improve the clinicians’ negative behaviors and develop an eff ective early warning screening tool that accurately capture early signs of patient deterioration in the ward.
Nursing students’ perspectives on the effectiveness and applicability of health coaching
NURSING STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICABILITY OF HEALTH COACHING Introduction. Health coaching is an important approach to empowering patients for better self-care. The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences of nursing students with providing health coaching in terms of its eﬀectiveness and usefulness. Methods. Data were collected from 47 reflection forms completed by 3rd-year nursing students after health coaching practice. Results. Students observed improvements in coachees’ health, behaviour, emotional and psychosocial wellbeing, and organization of daily life. Health coaching was seen as useful, broadly applicable approach with a positive impact on coachees’ proactive role. Discussion. Students considered health coaching as an eﬀective approach to improve quality of care and to reduce healthcare burden. They also recognized the clinical eﬀectiveness of the approach. The findings are consistent with other studies on the eﬀectiveness of health coaching. Conclusions. Integrating of health coaching into nursing curricula have potential to enhance professional development and improve the quality of nursing practice. Further research is needed to evaluate eﬀectiveness of integration health coaching into nursing education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tina Gogova, Marija Milavec Kapun (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sleep procrastination in the context of electronic device overuse as a contemporary public health threat
Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse health-related behaviors associated with sleep procrastination and electronic device usage in the context of their relationship with the self-assessed health and sleep quality of the participants. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 555 adults using a custom-designed questionnaire distributed electronically, along with the standardised tool Pure Procrastination Scale. Results. Participants who declared sleep procrastination reported significantly lower levels of self-assessed general health (p=0.000), self-assessed sleep quality and feeling well-rested (p=0.000), physical activity levels (p=0.000), self-assessed healthy eating habits (p=0.000), and overall procrastination (p=0.000). However, sleep procrastination was not associated with the participants’ age (p=0.08). Conclusions. The available scientific literature highlights the negative impact of electronic device usage before bedtime on sleep quality, sleep duration, and overall health. Sleep procrastination itself is associated with serious health issues. The scale of this phenomenon, as indicated by the study findings, underscores the need for increased educational eﬀorts to limit harmful electronic device usage and to recognize sleep procrastination as a significant public health concern.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sebastian Chudziak, Bartłomiej Drop (Autor) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in preventing fallsin hospitalized patients: Umbrella review
EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREVENTING FALLS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS: UMBRELLA REVIEW Introduction. Falls in patients are an unintentional effect of hospitalisation. The number of documented falls has been decreasing and they constitute a substantial part of adverse events reported in hospitals. By analysing non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, medical staff may contribute to the reduction of the number of falls in patients. Studies describe prevention methods available in clinical practices. Aim. The purpose of this study is to review tools used by medical staff to assess the risk of falling and find out non-pharmacological forms of intervention to be implemented in order to prevent falls. Method. The literature review was commenced in the last quarter of 2023. The study includes articles from such databases like: PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, EBSCO and Epistemonikos in English, which met PICO’s criteria. Articles published between the years 2019-2024 were included in the further analysis. Conclusion. Methods of preventing falls may effectively contribute to shortening the period of hospitalisation. It is necessary to continue studies on tools used to assess the fall risk in order to make them effective and adjusted to a greater number of diseases or the specific character of certain hospital wards.
Psychometric properties of the Czech versionof the nine-item European heart failureself-care behaviour scale
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE CZECH VERSION OF THE NINE-ITEM EUROPEAN HEART FAILURE SELF-CARE BEHAVIOUR SCALE Aim. To assess validity and reliability of the Czech version of the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale (EHFScBS-9). Material and methods. 130 Czech heart failure (HF) patients accomplished the EHFScBS-9 and the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CSEQ). Linguistic validation was performed. Item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent validity were evaluated. Reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Based on fit criteria for the confirmatory factor analysis models, the results pointed to good fit for the two-factor model (χ2 = 40.59, p = 0.013; RMSEA = 0.077; CFI = 0.972; TLI = 0.956; GFI = 0.937), respectively for the three-factor solution (χ2 = 38.24, p = 0.017; RMSEA = 0.076; CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.957; GFI = 0.943) of the Czech EHFScBS-9. Convergent validity was confirmed on the basis of a significant correlation (r = 0.31, p = 0.001) between the Czech EHFScBS-9 (standardised score) and the CSEQ. Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha values for the whole instrument (0.84), as well as for “Consulting behaviour” subscale (0.90). The reliability of “adherence behaviours” subscale was questionable (0.59). Conclusions. The Czech version of the EHFScBS-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring self-care behaviour in HF patients.
European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale – 9
Nursing care process for a patient after PCI CTO procedure using PulseCath iVAC 2L based on the ICNP® classification
Cel pracy. Celem pracy było przedstawienie procesu pielęgnowania nad pacjentem po zabiegu PCI CTO z użyciem urządzenia PulseCath iVAC 2L, opartego na klasyfikacji Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Praktyki Pielęgniarskiej (ICNP®). Materiał i metody. Badanie opierało się na studium indywidualnego przypadku, z zastosowaniem wywiadu pielęgniarskiego, obserwacji, analizy dokumentacji medycznej oraz pomiaru podstawowych parametrów życiowych. Zostało przeprowadzone w czerwcu 2024 roku w warunkach szpitalnych, po uzyskaniu zgody pacjenta. Obserwacja trwała 5 dni. Wyniki. Pacjent, 79-letni mężczyzna z chorobą wieńcową, przeszedł PCI CTO z zastosowaniem urządzenia PulseCath iVAC 2L. Procedura zakończyła się sukcesem, a pacjent nie doznał poważnych powikłań. Po zabiegu pacjent był monitorowany, a jego stan zdrowia uległ poprawie. Przed i po zabiegu obserwowano poprawę parametrów hemodynamicznych. Wnioski. Wykorzystanie klasyfikacji ICNP® pozwoliło na holistyczne podejście do procesu opieki nad pacjentem, zapewniając systematyczne diagnozowanie i planowanie interwencji pielęgniarskich. Kluczową rolą personelu pielęgniarskiego było monitorowanie stanu pacjenta, zarządzanie bólem oraz zapobieganie powikłaniom, co przyczyniło się do poprawy jakości życia pacjenta po zabiegu.
percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0