The influence of vitamin D3 level and supplementation on the severity of symptoms and quality of life of female patients with depression
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12923/2083-4829/2023-0001Keywords:
vitamin D3, depressive disorders, mood disorders, life qualityAbstract
Introduction. Vitamin D3 has many functions in the human body. The impact of vitamin D3 on mental health is seen in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this study, we are assessing its impact on the symptoms and the quality of life of female patients with depressive episodes.
Aim. The study aimed to determine whether higher levels of serum 25(OH)D correlate with milder symptoms of depression and better quality of life among female patients with depressive episodes as well as to establish whether vitamin D3 supplementation reduces the symptoms of depression and increases the quality of life in the population above.
Material and methods. Patients (n=33) were divided into a study group (supplementing 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily for 2 months) and a control group. In both groups, the serum 25(OH)D was measured at the study’s beginning and end. The symptoms of depression and the quality of life were assessed using BDI-II, HDRS, and SF-36 questionnaires, which the patients answered at baseline and after two months. The trial was completed by 12 patients in the study group and 10 in the control group.
Results and conclusion. No association between the serum 25(OH)D level, symptoms of depression severity, and life quality was shown in patients (n=33) who completed the initial bloodwork. No statistically significant difference was found in changes in depression scores and life quality between the study and control group. No correlation was found between the changes in the scores of depression and life quality and the changes in serum 25(OH)D levels. A statistically significant difference was found in the serum 25(OH)D levels (p=0.0004), with no such difference in the control group (p=0.06). A statistically significant difference was also found in the BDI-II depression scores both in the study and in the control group (p=0.02 and p=0.04). No such difference was found in the study or control in the HDRS depression score or SF-36 life quality score. Therefore, the study does not show the benefit of vitamin D3 supplementation in the reduction of depression symptoms or life quality in female patients with depressive episodes.
References
1. Olds W, McKinley A, Moore M, et al. Authors’ Reply to: Comment on “In vitro model of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) synthesis by UV radiation: Dose–response relationships”. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2008;93(2):88-93.
2. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002;30:771-7.
3. Tangpricha V, Scanlon KS, Chen TC, et al Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living health Young adults. Am J Med. 2002;112:659-62.
4. Hyppönen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and life style predictors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):860-8.
5. Hintzpeter B, Mensink GB, Thierfelder W, et al. Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults. J Clin Nutr. 2007;62(9):1079-89.
6. Lamberg-Allardt CJ, Outila TA, Kärkkainen MU, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and bone health in health adults in Finland: could this be a concern in other parts of Europe? J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(11):2066-73.
7. Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1135-41.
8. Buell JS, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D and neurocognitive dysfunction: preventing “D” ecline? Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:415-22.
9. Knekt P, Kilkkinen A, Rissanen H, et al. Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:808-11.
10. Stumpf WE, Sar M, Clark SA, et al. Brain target sites for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science. 1982;215:1403-5.
11. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, et al. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat. 2005;29:2130.
12. Fernandes de Abreu DA, Eyles D, Féron F. Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomudulator: Implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2009;34(Suppl. 1):265-77.
13. Puchacz E, Stumpf WE, Stachowiak EK, et al. Vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1996;36:193-6.
14. Sonnenberg J, Luine VN, Krey LC, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment results in increased choline acetyltransferase activity in specific brain nuclei. Endocrinology. 1986;118:1433-9.
15. Wion D, MacGrogan D, Neveu I, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent inducer of nerve growth factor synthesis. J Neurosci Res. 1991;28:110-4.
16. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New Engl J Med. 2007;357:266-8.
17. Brown J, Bianco JI, Mcgrath JJ, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2003;343:139-43.
18. Neveu J, Naveilhan P, Baudet C, et al. 1-25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates NT-3, NT-4 but not BDNF mRna in astrocytes. Neuroreport. 1994;6:124-6.
19. Angelucci F, Aloe L, Jiménez-Vasquez P, et al. Lithium treatment alters brain concentrations of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in rat model of depression. Int J Neuropsychoph. 2003;6:225-31.
20. Pae CU, Marks DM, Han C, et al. Does neurotropin-3 have a therapeutic implication in major depression? Int J Neurosci. 2008;118:1515-22.
21. Shoval G, Weizman A. The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharm. 2005;15:319-29.
22. Zhang X, Zhang Z, Xie C, et al. Effect of treatment on serum glial cell line- derived neurotrophic factor in depressed patients. Prog Neuro-Psychoph. 2008;32:886-90.
23. Zhang X, Zhang Z, Sha W, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy increases glil cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) serum level in patients with drug-resistant depression. Psychiat Res. 2009;170:273-5.
24. Garcion E, Sindji L, Leblondel G, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regu¬lates the synthesis of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione levels in rat primary astrocytes. J Neurochem. 1999;73:859-66.
25. Ministry of Health and Cancer Society of New Zealand. Consensus statement on vitamin D and sun exposure in New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z; 2012.
26. National Institutes Of Health (NIH) Office Of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin D; 2020. [https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/>] (access:8. 09.2020).
27. Hoel D, Berwick M, de Gruijl F, et al. The risks and benefits of sun exposure 2016. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2016;8(1):e1248325.
28. Mossakowska M, Więcek A, Błędowski P. Aspekty medyczne, psychologiczne, socjologiczne i ekonomiczne starzenia się ludzi w Polsce. Poznań: Termedia Wydawnictwa Medyczne; 2012.
29. Högberg G, Gustafsson S, Hällström T, et al. Depressed adolescents in a case-series were low in vitamin D and depression was ameliorated by vitamin D supplementation. Acta Paediatrica. 2012;101(7):779-83.
30. Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, et al. 2008. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. J Intern Med. 2008;264(6):599-609.
31. Shaffer J, Edmondson D, Wasson L, et al. 2014. Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(3):190-6.
32. Stefanowski B, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Święcicki Ł. The effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on the severity of depressive symptoms. Overview of current research. Psychiatr Pol. 2017;51(3):437-54.
33. Gowda U, Mutowo M, Smith B, et al. 2015. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2015;31(3):421-9.
34. Choukri M, Conner T, Haszard J, et al. 2018. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms and psychological wellbeing in healthy adult women: a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. J Nutritional Sci. 2018;7.
35. BDI-II Inwentarz Depresji Becka, Wydanie Drugie. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych; 2020. [https://www.practest.com.pl/bdi-ii-inwentarz-depresji-becka-wydanie-drugie>] (access: 8.09.2020).
36. [http://centrum-psychologiczne.com/files/files/Skala_Depresji_Becka_word.pdf] (access: 8.09.2020).
37. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. 2013. p.887-8.
38. Hamilton M. A Rating Scale for Depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56-62.
39. Tylka J, Piotrowicz R. Quality Of Life SF-36 Questionnaire – The Polish Version. [https://www.mp.pl/kardiologiapolska/en/node/10263/pdf] (access: 8.09.2020)
40. 36-Item Short Form Survey From The RAND Medical Outcomes Study; 2020.[https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form.html] (access: 8.09.2020).
41. Żołnierczyk-Zreda D. The Polish version of the SF-36v2 questionnaire for the quality of life assessment. Przegl Lek. 2020;67(12):1302-7.
42. Hansen JP, Pareek M, Hvolby A, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation and treatment outcomes in patients with depression (D3-vit-dep). BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):203.
43. Okereke OI, Reynolds CF, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):471-80.
44. Gowda U, Mutowo M, Smith B, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2015;31(3):421-9.
45. Amani R, Fazelian S, Paknahad Z, et al. 2019. Effect of Vitamin D supplement on mood status and inflammation in Vitamin D deficient Type 2 diabetic women with anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10(1):17.
46. Menon V, Vellekkatt F. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Postgrad Med. 2019;65(2):74-80.
47. Kim S, Seok H, Kim D. Relationship between serum Vitamin D levels and symptoms of depression in stroke patients. Ann Rehab Med. 2016;40(1):120.
48. Kjærgaard M, Waterloo K, Wang C, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Nested case – control study and randomised clinical trial. B J Psych. 2012;201(5):360-8.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
