Versatile applicability of a new reagent for iron(II) determination in pharmaceutical products, foodstuffs, soil, and water samples
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12923/Keywords:
iron(II), determination, soil, foodstuffs, pharmaceutical applicationsAbstract
The present study aimed to develop a simple, sensitive, and versatile spectrophotometric method for the determination of Fe(II) in pharmaceutical formulations, foodstuffs, water, and soil samples. The synthesis and analytical performance of the proposed method were evaluated. A new organic compound, 4-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenylazo)antipyrine (4-THPA), was employed as the chromogenic reagent. Among more than 20 investigated metal ions, 4-THPA selectively reacted with iron(II) to form a violet-colored complex. Under optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibited linearity over the concentration range of 0.15-25 μg·mL-1 for Fe(II). The molar absorptivity was calculated to be 9.9 × 10³ L·mol-1·cm-1, and Sandell’s sensitivity was 0.0015 μg·cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification for Fe(II) were 0.021 μg·mL-1 and 0.069 μg·mL-1, respectively. The accuracy, validity, and efficiency of the proposed method were evaluated by analyzing various samples, and the results were compared with those obtained using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. A good agreement between the two methods was observed, confirming that the proposed spectrophotometric method is a reliable and efficient approach for iron determination in diverse sample matrices.
References
1. Kirkan B, Gup R. Synthesis of new azo dyes and copper(II) complexes derived from barbituric acid and 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone. Turk J Chem. 2008;32(1):9-17.
2. Lemos VA, Santos ES, Santos MS, Yamaki RT. Spectrophotometric behavior of azo compounds with metal ions. Microchim Acta. 2007;158(1-2):189-204.
3. Gavazov K, Lekova V, Patronov G. Spectrophotometric investigations of azo dyes with metal ions. Acta Chim Slov. 2006;53(4):495-500.
4. Sha Y, Mathew I, Cui Q, Clay M, Gao F, Zhang XJ, Gu Z. Enhanced removal of organic pollutants using azo compounds. Chemosphere. 2016;144:1530-1535.
5. Numan AT, Ibraheem KR, Ibrahim MK. Synthesis and spectroscopic study of new azo reagents. Ibn Al-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci. 2017;30(3):211-226.
6. Kaszuba J, Konieczny L, Piekarska B, Roterman I, Rybarska J. Physicochemical properties of selected azo dyes. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993;44(4):471-478.
7. Selivanova G, Tretyakov E, Amosov E, Bagryanskaya IY, Vasiliev V, Vasilyev E, et al. Structural characterization of azo derivatives. J Mol Struct. 2016;1107:242-248.
8. Deshmukh P, Soni PK, Kankoriya A, Halve AK, Dixit R. Analytical applications of azo dyes. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2015;34(1):162-170.
9. Tautkus S, Steponeniene L, Kazlauskas R. Spectrophotometric determination of metals using azo reagents. J Serb Chem Soc. 2006;69(6):393-402.
10. Manousi N, Isaakidou E, Zachariadis GA. Analytical applications of metal-azo complexes. Appl Sci. 2022;12(2):534. doi:10.3390/app12020534.
11. Sharpe LR. Teaching spectrophotometric methods in analytical chemistry. J Chem Educ. 2024;101(4):1227-1232. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c01032.
12. Orłowska A, Proch J, Niedzielski P. Advances in azo dye analysis. Molecules. 2023;28(11):4539. doi:10.3390/molecules28114539.
13. Peñalver R, Campillo N, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M. Analytical performance of azo reagents. Microchem J. 2020;157:104630.
14. Kalhori S, Ahour F, Aurang P. Spectrophotometric determination using novel reagents. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1557. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28872-x.
15. Merli D, Profumo A, Dossi C. Analytical chemistry of pharmaceutical compounds. J Pharm Anal. 2012;2(6):450-453. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2012.05.003.
16. Trojanowicz M, Pyszyńska M. Modern spectrophotometric techniques. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1410. doi:10.3390/molecules 27041410.
17. Toksöz YS, Özyiğit IE, Bilen Ç, Arsu N, Karakuş E. Preparation and characterization of azo compounds. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2021;51(4):361-374. doi:10.1080/10826068.2020.1818257.
18. Raman N, Johnson Raja S, Joseph J, Dhaveethu Raja J. Metal complexes of azo ligands. J Chil Chem Soc. 2007;52(4):1138-1141.
19. Sojitra N, Patel R, Dixit R, Dixit B. Synthesis and analytical application of azo dyes. Org Chem Curr Res. 2013;2:1000118.
20. Wannas FA, Husien NSM. Spectrophotometric determination using azo reagents. AIP Conf Proc. 2022;2386:030001.
21. Rouessac F, Rouessac A. Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2022.
22. Agarwal K. Analytical method validation in pharmaceutical analysis. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2022;84(4):797-811.
23. Kumar A, Kaur S, Dhiman S, Singh PP, Bhatia G, Thakur S, et al. Recent advances in azo chemistry. Molecules. 2022;27(11):3478.
24. Ullah A, Chan MWH, Aslam S, Khan A, Abbas Q, Ali S, et al. Determination of dyes in food samples. Food Addit Contam Part B. 2022;15(1):1-8.
25. Zhang K, Guo R, Wang Y, Nie Q, Zhu G. Spectrophotometric determination of organic compounds. Food Chem. 2022;384:132414.
26. Adebayo BK, Ayejuyo S, Okoro HK, Ximba B. Analytical studies of azo dyes. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(75):16051-16057.
27. Jankiewicz B, Ptaszyński B, Turek A. Environmental applications of spectrophotometry. Pol J Environ Stud. 2002;11(6):745-749.
28. El-Mossalamy E, Amin A. Spectrophotometric studies of azo reagents. Monatsh Chem. 1997;128(1):23-28.
29. Visentin LC, Ferreira LC, Bordinhão J, Filgueiras CA. Coordination chemistry of azo compounds. J Braz Chem Soc. 2010;21(6):1187-1194.
30. Acosta A, Zink JI, Cheon J. Metal-ligand interactions in azo systems. Inorg Chem. 2000;39(3):427-432.
31. Lee HY, Song X, Park H, Baik MH, Lee D. Mechanistic insights into azo compound reactivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(35):12133-12144.
32. Le Bideau F, Ben Mohamed-Smati S, Faraj FL, Becheker I, Berredjem H, et al. Dyes and pigments: synthesis and applications. Dyes Pigments. 2021;188:109073.
33. Rauf MA, Hisaindee S, Saleh N. Spectrophotometric determination of organic compounds. RSC Adv. In press.
34. Jawad SAA, Kareem IK. Analytical application of azo dyes. AIP Conf Proc. 2023;2611:050023.
35. Waheeb AS. Structural studies of azo compounds. J Mol Struct. 2023;1276:134729.
36. Zhang D, Cao H, Lei Y, Wu H, Wang X, Guo X, et al. Fuel characterization using spectroscopic techniques. Fuel. 2023;331: 125898.
37. Mortada S, Brandán SA, Karrouchi K, El-Guourrami O, El Bacha R, Faouzi MEA. Spectroscopic and theoretical study of azo derivatives. J Mol Struct. 2022;1267:133652.
38. Davies NW, Smith JA, Molesworth PP, Ross JJ. Rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2010;24(8):1105-1110.
39. Pasch H, Pizzi A, Rode K. Polymer characterization by spectroscopic methods. Polymer. 2001;42(18):7531-7539.
40. Otero P, Saha SK, Hussein A, Barron J, Murray P. Food analysis using spectrophotometry. Food Anal Methods. 2017;10(4):876-884.
41. Liu SH, Cao CR, Lin WC, Shu CM. Thermal and hazard analysis of organic compounds. J Hazard Mater. 2019;365:164-177.
42. Mahmoud WH, Omar M, Sayed FN. Thermal analysis of coordination compounds. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;124(3):1071-1089.
43. Khanc ZA, Nasera NA, Alasedib KM. Spectroscopic studies of organic reagents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2018;201:267-280.
44. Liu SH, Lin WC, Hou HY, Shu CM. Process safety and loss prevention studies. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2017;49:970-982.
45. Kirem H, Naser NA. Acid-base behavior of organic reagents. Curr Appl Sci Technol. 2022;26:1-26. doi:10.55003/cast.2022.04.23.008.
46. Kahdim KH, Taha DN, Naser NA. Analytical applications of azo compounds. J Oleo Sci. 2012;61(7):387-392.
47. Ammar JW, Khan ZA, Ghazi MN, Naser NA. Review of analytical reagents. Rev Anal Chem. 2021;40(1):108-126.
48. Cașcaval A. Personal research. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University; 1995.
49. Apostu M, Țântaru G, Vieriu M, Panainte AD, Bibire N, Agoroaei L. Pharmaceutical analytical methods. Rev Chim (Bucharest). 2017;68(4):683-686.
50. Oprean R, Rozet E, Dewé W, Boulanger B, Hubert P. Ghid de validare a procedurilor analitice cantitative. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Medicală Universitară Iuliu Hațieganu; 2007. p. 16-63.
51. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology. Geneva: EMA; 1997.
52. Mândrescu M, Șpac AF, Dorneanu V. Validation of spectro-photometric methods. Rev Chim (Bucharest). 2009;60(2): 160-163.
53. Țântaru G. Research on the use of new reagents and analytical methods in pharmaceutical analysis. Habilitation thesis. Iași: Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Marwa N. Ghazi, Nasar A. Naser (Autor)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
