Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Pielęgniarek Anestezjologicznych i Intensywnej Opieki w sprawie monitorowania bólu w Oddziałach Intensywnej Terapii z wykorzystaniem polskiej wersji Behawioralnej skali oceny bólu (BPS)

Abstrakt

ZALECENIA PTPAIIO DOTYCZĄCE MONITOROWANIA BÓLU W OIT 

Wprowadzenie. W 2018 roku ukazała się kolejna aktualizacja Wytycznych praktyki klinicznej dotyczących zapobiegania i zarządzania bólem, pobudzeniem/sedacją, delirium, unieruchomieniem i zaburzeniami snu u dorosłych pacjentów leczonych w Oddziałach Intensywnej Terapii (OIT). 

Cel pracy. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnych zaleceń dotyczących zarządzania bólem u pacjentów leczonych w OIT oraz przedstawienie algorytmu oceny i monitorowania bólu u pacjentów leczonych w OIT z wykorzystaniem polskiej wersji skali BPS (Behavioural Pain Scale), które przygotowano na podstawie systematycznego przeglądu piśmiennictwa opublikowanego w latach 2013-2018. 

Metodyka badań. Wyszukiwanie publikacji naukowych przeprowadzono wykorzystując elektroniczne, anglojęzyczne oraz polskojęzyczne bazy danych. W wyszukiwaniach zastosowano następujące słowa kluczowe i ich kombinacje: ból, ocena, monitorowanie, pielęgniarka, intensywna terapia, dorosły pacjent, niezdolny do komunikacji. Wstępnie za pomocą słów kluczowych zidentyfikowano 758 prac, po wykluczeniu duplikatów i wstępnym sprawdzaniu i selekcji tytułów publikacji i abstraktów, do analizy pełnych tekstów zakwalifikowano 85 prac. W wyniku analizy i syntezy materiału badawczego sformułowano zalecenia dotyczące oceny i monitorowania bólu w OIT. 

Wnioski. Dostęp do skutecznego leczenia bólu jest fundamentalnym prawem każdego człowieka. Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Pielęgniarek Anestezjologicznych i Intensywnej Opieki dotyczące monitorowania bólu w OIT z wykorzystaniem polskiej wersji Behawioralnej skali oceny bólu (BPS) opracowane przez Grupę roboczą ds. praktyki mogą stanowić swoisty drogowskaz w opracowaniu skutecznych lokalnych strategii zarządzania bólem w OIT.

Recommendations of the Polish Association of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Nurses on pain monitoring in Intensive Care Units using a Polish version of the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS).pdf (Angielski)

Bibliografia

1. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46(9): e825-e873. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299.

2. Gutysz-Wojnicka A, Dyk D, Ozga D, Cudak E. Pozawerbalne wskaźniki bólu u pacjentów nieprzytomnych, wentylowanych mechanicznie. Anestezjologia i Ratownictwo. 2014; 8(1): 23-31.

3. Gutysz-Wojnicka A, Ozga D, Onichimowski D, Mayzner-Zawadzka E. Ocena bólu za pomocą polskiej wersji Behawioralnej Skali Oceny Bólu (BPS) u pacjentów w sedacji, wentylowanych mechanicznie. Ból. 2016; 17(3): 27-35. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0009.5271.

4. Gutysz-Wojnicka A, Ozga D, Mayzner-Zawadzka E, et al. Psychometric Assessment of Physiologic and Behavioral Pain Indicators in Polish Versions of the Pain Assessment Scales. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019; 20(3): 292-301. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.07.006.

5. Kotfis K, Strzelbicka M, Zegan-Barańska M, et al. Validation of the behavioral pain scale to assess pain intensity in adult, intubated postcardiac surgery patients: A cohort observational study - POL-BPS. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(38): e12443. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012443.

6. Cudak E, Dyk D, Gutysz-Wojnicka A, et al. Behawioralna ocena bólu u pacjentów na Oddziale Intensywnej Terapii - wyniki wstępne. Pielęg Pol. 2018; 68(2): 152-157. doi: 10.20883/pielpol.2018.18.

7. Aktas YY, Karabulut N. A Turkish Version of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool: Reliability and Validity Assessment. J Perianesth Nurs. 2017; 32(4): 341-351.doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2015.12.01541.

8. Jie C, Qian L, Xiao-Ying W, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the behavioral pain scale in intubated and non-intubated critically ill patients: Two cross-sectional studies. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016; 61: 63-71. doi: 10.1016/j. ijnurstu.2016.05.013.

9. Latorre-Marco I, Acevedo-Nuevo M, Solís-Muñoz M, et al. Psychometric validation of the behavioral indicators of pain scale for the assessment of pain in mechanically ventilated and unable to self-report critical care patients. Med Intensiva. 2016; 40(8): 463-473. doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2016.06.004.

10. Morete MC, Mofatto SC, Pereira CA, et al. Translation and cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Behavioral Pain Scale. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2014; 26(4): 373-378. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20140057.

11. Klein C, Caumo W, Gélinas C, et al. Validation of Two Pain Assessment Tools Using a Standardized Nociceptive Stimulation in Critically Ill Adults. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018; 56(4): 594-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.06.014.

12. Rafiei M, Ghadami A, Irajpour A, Feizi A. Validation of critical care pain observation tool in patients hospitalized in surgical wards. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016; 21(5): 464-469. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.193391.

13. Echegaray-Benites C, Kapoustina O, Gélinas C. Validation of the use of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) with brain surgery patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014; 30(5): 257-265. doi: 10.1016/j. iccn.2014.04.002.

14. Li Q, Wan X, Gu C, Yu Y, et al. Pain Assessment Using the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in Chinese Critically Ill Ventilated Adults. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014; 48 (5):975-982. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.01.014.

15. Deldar K, Froutan R, Ebadi A. Challenges faced by nurses in using pain assessment scale in patients unable to communicate: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs. 2018; 6(17): 11 doi: 10.1186/s12912-018-0281-3. eCollection 2018.

16. Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska WA, Dąbrowski S, Basiński A, Małecka-Dubiela A. Identification and comparison of barriers to assessing and combating acute and postoperative pain in elderly patients in surgical wards of Polish hospitals: A Multicenter Study. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016; 25(1): 135-144. doi: 10.17219/ acem/34698.

17. Sneyers B, Laterre PF, Perreault MM, et al. Current practices and barriers impairing physicians’ and nurses’ adherence to analgo-sedation recommendations in the intensive care unit-a national survey. Crit Care. 2014; 8: 655. doi: 10.1186/s13054-14­0655-1.

18. Wøien H, Bjørk IT. Intensive care pain treatment and sedation: Nurses’ experiences of the conflict between clinical judgement and standardised care: An explorative study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2013; 29(3): 128-136. doi: 10.1016/j. iccn.2012.11.003.

19. Chawla R, Myatra SN, Ramakrishnan N, et al. Current practices of mobilization, analgesia, relaxants and sedation in Indian ICUs: A survey conducted by the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18(9): 575-584. doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.140146.

20. Luetz A, Balzer F, Radtke FM, et al. Delirium, sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit: a multinational, two-part survey among intensivists. PLoS One. 2014; 9(11): e110935. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110935. eCollection 2014.

21. Morandi A, Piva S, Ely EW, et al. Kaps Worldwide Survey of the “Assessing Pain, Both Spontaneous Awakening and Breathing Trials, Choice of Drugs, Delirium Monitoring/ Management, Early Exercise/Mobility, and Family Empowerment” (ABCDEF) Bundle. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45(11): e1111-e1122. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002640.

22. Wang J, Peng ZY, Zhou WH, et al. A National Multicenter Survey on Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Intensive Care Units in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017; 130(10): 1182-1188. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.205852.

23. Kemp HI, Bantel C, Gordon F, et al. Pain Assessment in INTensive care (PAINT): an observational study of physician-documented pain assessment in 45 intensive care units in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia. 2017; 72(6): 737-748. doi: 10.1111/ anae.13786.

24. Roos-Blom MJ, Gude WT, Spijkstra JJ, et al. Measuring quality indicators to improve pain management in critically ill patients. J Crit Care. 2019; 49: 136-142. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.10.027.

25. Gosselin E, Bourgault P, Lavoie S, et al. Development and Validation of an Observation Tool for the Assessment of Nursing Pain Management Practices in Intensive Care Unit in a Standardized Clinical Simulation Setting. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014; 15(4): 720-730. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2013.05.003.

26. Wiegand DL, Wilson T, Pannullo D, et al. Measuring Acute Pain Over Time in the Critically Ill Using the Multidimensional Objective Pain Assessment Tool (MOPAT). Pain Manag Nurs. 2018; 19(3): 277-287. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2017.10.013.

27. Suzuki T. Does the combination use of two pain assessment tools have a synergistic effect? J Intensive Care. 2017; 5: 1 doi: 10.1186/s40560-016-0195-7. eCollection 2017.

28. Severgnini P, Pelosi P, Contino E, et al. Accuracy of Critical Care Pain Observation Tool and Behavioral Pain Scale to assess pain in critically ill conscious and unconscious patients: prospective, observational study. J Intensive Care. 2016; (4): 68. doi: 10.1186/s40560-016-0192-x. eCollection 2016.

29. Rijkenberg S, Stilma W, Endeman H, et al. Pain measurement in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: Behavioral Pain Scale versus Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. J Crit Care. 2015; 30(1): 167-172. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.007.

30. Kiavar M, Azarfarin R, Totonchi Z, et al. Comparison of Two Pain Assessment Tools, “Facial Expression” and “Critical Care Pain Observation Tool” in Intubated Patients After Cardiac Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 6(1): e33434. doi: 10.5812/aapm.33434. eCollection 2016.

31. Shan K, Cao W, Yuan Y, et al. Use of the critical-care pain observation tool and the bispectral index for the detection of pain in brain-injured patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: A STROBE-compliant observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(22): e10985. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010985.

32. Chanques G, Tarri T, Ride A, et al. Analgesia nociception index for the assessment of pain in critically ill patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Br J Anaesth. 2017; 119(4): 812-820. doi: 10.1093/bja/aex210.

33. Charier DJ, Zantour D, Pichot V, et al. Assessing Pain Using the Variation Coefficient of Pupillary Diameter, J Pain. 2017; 18(11): 1346-1353. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.06.006.

34. Huei-Jiun C, Yuh-Min Ch. Pain Assessment: Validation of the Physiologic Indicators in the Ventilated Adult Patient, Pain Manag Nurs. 2015; 16(2): 105-111. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.05.012.

35. Faritous Z, Barzanji A, Azarfarin R, et al. Comparison of Bispectral Index Monitoring With the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in the Pain Assessment of Intubated Adult Patients After Cardiac Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 6(4): e38334. doi: 10.5812/aapm.38334. eCollection 2016

36. Günther AC, Bottai M, Schandl AR, et al. Palmar skin conductance variability and the relation to stimulation, pain and the motor activity assessment scale in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care. 2013; 17(2): R51. doi: 10.1186/cc12571.

37. Khanna P, Chandralekha C, Pandey RK, Sharma A. Pain assessment in the critically ill mechanically ventilated adult patients: Comparison between skin conductance algesimeter index and physiologic indicators. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018; 12(2): 204-208. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_642_17.

38. Björn A, Pudas-Tähkä S-M, Salanterä S, Axelin A. Video education for critical care nurses to assess pain with a behavioural pain assessment tool: A descriptive comparative study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017; 42: 68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2017.02.010.

39. Phillips ML, Kuruvilla V, Bailey M. Implementation of the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool increases the frequency of pain assessment for noncommunicative ICU patients. Aust Crit Care. 2018; 32(5): 367-372. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2018.08.007.

40. Asadi-Noghabi AA, Gholizadeh M, Zolfaghari M, et al. Nurses use of Critical Care Pain Observational Tool in patients with low consciousness. Oman Med J. 2015; 30(4): 276-282. doi: 10.5001/omj.2015.55.

41. Damico V, Cazzaniga F, Murano L, et al. Impact of a clinical therapeutic intervention on pain assessment, management, and nursing practices in an Intensive Care Unit: A before-and-after study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2018; 19(3): 256-266. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.01.007.

42. Georgiou E, Hadjibalassi M, Lambrinou E, et al. The impact of pain assessment on critically ill patients’ outcomes: A systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2015; ID 503830. doi: 10.1155/2015/503830.

43. Ito Y, Teruya K, Kubota H, et al. Factors affecting pain assessment scores in patients on mechanical ventilation. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017; 42: 75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2017.03.001.

44. Krupp A, Balas MC. Application of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pain, Agitation, and Delirium. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2016; 28(2): 241-252. doi: 10.1016/j.cnc.2016.02.001.

45. Mansouri P, Javadpour S, Zand F, et al. Implementation of a protocol for integrated management of pain, agitation, and delirium can improve clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial. J Crit Care. 2013; 28(6): 918-922. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.06.019.

46. Olsen BF, Rustøen T, Sandvik L, et al. Results of implementing a pain management algorithm in intensive care unit patients: The impact on pain assessment, length of stay, and duration of ventilation. J Crit Care. 2016; 36: 207­211. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.011.

47. Olsen BF, Rustøen T, Sandvik L, et al. Implementation of a pain management algorithm in intensive care units and evaluation of nurses’ level of adherence with the with the algorithm. Heart Lung. 2015;44 (6): 528-533. doi: org/10.1016/hrtlng.2015.08.001.

48. Rose L, Haslam L, Dale C, et al. Behavioral pain assessment tool for critically ill adults unable to self-report pain. Am J Crit Care. 2013; 22(3): 246-255. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2013200.

49. Marra A, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, et al. ABCDEF bundle in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(2): 225-243. doi: 10.1016/jccc.2016.12.005.

50. Gelinas C. Pain assessment in the critically ill adult: Recent evidence and new trends. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2016; 34: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2016.03.001.

Creative Commons License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Prawa autorskie (c) 2021 Autorzy