Vaccination against pneumococcal diseases – benefits for public health
Keywords:
pneumococcal infections, effectiveness of anti-pneumococcal vaccination, conjugated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccinesAbstract
Pneumococcal infections, especially in young children, elderly people and patients from risk groups, are an important problem of public health due to an appearance of multidrug-resistant strains and an increased number of people from risk groups. Prophylaxis of invasive pneumococcal infections with polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines may partially help to get this situation under control. In many countries, effectiveness of vaccination by polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine in elderly people was confirmed in prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumonia and its complications. Effectiveness of the use of 7-valent conjugated vaccine was confirmed in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease as well as in preventing nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Besides, widely used conjugated pneumococcal vaccines result in herd immunity.
References
1. Obaro S, Adegbola R: The pneumococcus: carriage, disease and conjugate vaccines. J Med Microbiol 2002;51:98-104.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997;46:1-24.
3. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Martinez MJF: Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemiother 2002; 50 (Suppl. S2): S59-73.
4. Ghaffar F, Friedland IR, McCracken GH: Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18 638-646.
5. Gray BM, Converse GM, Dillon HC: Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life. J Infect Dis 1980;142:923-933.
6. Catteral JR: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thorax 1999;54:929-937.
7. Meldunki o zachorowaniach na choroby zakaźne, zakażeniach i zatruciach w Polsce. http://www.pzh.gov.pl/epimeld/index_p.html
8. AlonsoDeVelasco E, Verheul AFM, Verhoef J, Snippe H: Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence factors, pathogenesis and vaccines. Microbiol Rev 1995;59:591-603.
9. Hausdorff W, Feikin DR, Klugman KP: Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:83-93.
10. Austrian R: The pneumococcus at the millennium: not down, not out. J Infect Dis 1999;179(Suppl. 2):S338-341.
11. Fisman DN, Abrutyn E, Spaude KA, Kim A, Kirchner C, Daley J. Prior pneumococcal vaccination is associated with reduced death, complications, and length of stay among hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(8):1093-101.
12. Vila-Córcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Hospital I, Ansa X, Vilanova A, Rodríguez T, Llor C; EVAN Study Group. Protective effects of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly population: the EVAN-65 study. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(7):860-8.
13. Evers SM, Ament AJ, Colombo GL, Konradsen HB, Reinert RR, Sauerland D, Wittrup-Jensen K, Loiseau C, Fedson DS. Cost- effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in the elderly: an update for 10 Western European countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26(8):531-40.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Pneumococcal disease. W: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Red. Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S. 10th ed. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2008.
15. Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Kloek C, Paradiso PR, Siber GR: The contri- bution of specific pneumococcal serogroups to different disease manifestations: implications for conjugate formulation and use, Part II. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:122-140.
16. Peters TR, Edwards KM: Pneumococcal vaccines: present and future. Pediatr Ann 2002;31:261-268.
17. Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR: Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive diseases: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, Part I. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:100-121.
18. Skoczyńska A, Hryniewicz W: Genetic relatedness, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae responsible for meningitis in Poland, 1997-2001. Microb Drug Resist 2003;9:175-182. 310 Zdr Publ 2010;120(3)
19. Grzesiowski P, Skoczyńska A, Albrecht P, Konior R, Patrzałek M, Sadowska M, Staroszczyk J, Szenborn L, Wysocki J, Hryniewicz W; Polish Pediatric IPD Group. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children up to 5 years of age in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(9):883-5.
20. Korona-Głowniak I, Malm A: Nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in pre-school children. Polish J Environ Stud 2006;15(Suppl. 5a):65-68.
21. Sulikowska A, Grzesiowski P, Taraszkiewicz M, Hryniewicz W: Nosicielstwo nosogardłowe Streptococcus pneumoniae u dzieci do 5 roku życia w wybranych środowiskach w Warszawie. Pediatr Pol 2003;78:377-384.
22. Sulikowska A, Grzesiowski P, Sadowy E, Fiett J, Hryniewicz W: Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from nasopharynges of asymptomatic children and molecular analysis of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae strain replacement in the nasopharynx. J Clin Microb 2004;42,3942-3949.
23. Black S, Shinefield H, Baxter R, Austrian R, Bracken L, Hansen J, Lewis E, Fireman B. Post-licensure surveillance for pneumococcal invasive disease after use of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Northern California Kaiser Permanente. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23(6):485-9.
24. Black SB, Shinefield HR, Ling S, Hansen J, Fireman B, Spring D, Noyes J, Lewis E, Ray P, Lee J, Hackell J. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years of age for prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21(9):810-5.
25. Zhou F, Kyaw MH, Shefer A, Winston CA, Nuorti JP. Health care utilization for pneumonia in young children after routine pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161(12):1162-1168
26. Madhi SA, Levine OS, Hajjeh R, Mansoor OD, Cherian T. Vaccines to prevent pneumonia and improve child survival. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86(5):365-72.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease-United States, 1998-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54(36):893-7.
28. Poehling KA, Talbot TR, Griffin MR, Craig AS, Whitney CG, Zell E, Lexau CA, Thomas AR, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, Hadler JL, Farley MM, Anderson BJ, Schaffner W. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infants before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA 2006;295(14):1668-74.
29. Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Grijalva CG, Martin SW, LaFleur B, Mitchel E, Barth RD, Nuorti JP, Griffin MR. Reduction of frequent otitis media and pressure-equalizing tube insertions in children after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2007;119(4):707-15.
30. Grijalva CG, Poehling KA, Nuorti JP, Zhu Y, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. National impact of universal childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on outpatient medical care visits in the United States. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):865-73.
31. Dagan R. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15 Suppl 3:16-20.
32. Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD, Kimura A, Chang I, Klugman KP. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nona- valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1171- 1176.
33. Salleras L, Domínguez A, Ciruela P, Izquierdo C, Navas E, Torner N, Borras E. Changes in serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (2005-2007 vs. 1997-1999) in children under 2 years of age in a population with intermediate coverage of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(11):997-1001.
34. Isaacman DJ, McIntosh ED, Reinert RR. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(3):e197-209.
35. Malley R, Lipsitch M, Stack A, Saladino R, Fleisher G, Pelton S, Thompson C, Briles D, Anderson P: Intranasal immunization with killed unencapsulated whole cells prevents colonization and invasive disease by capsulated pneumococci. Infect Immun 2001;69:4870-4873.
36. McCool TL, Cate TR, Moy G, Weiser JN: The immune response to pneumococcal proteins during experimental human carriage. J Exp Med 2002;195:359-365.
37. Malley R, Trzcinski K, Srivastava A, Thompson CM, Anderson PW, Lipsitch M: CD4+ T cells mediate antibody-independent acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005;102:4848-4853.
38. Briles DE, Tart RC, Swiatlo E, Dillard JP, Smith P, Benton KA, Ralph BA, Brooks-Walter A, Crain MJ, Hollingshead SK, McDaniel LS: Pneumococcal diversity: consideration for new vaccine strategies with emphasis on pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:645-657.
