Methods to estimate premorbid intelligence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12923/j.2081-3910/13.4/a.10Keywords:
premorbid IQ, NART, WAIS-RAbstract
In the patient’s neuropsychiatric assessment it is important to evaluate the premorbid intelligence functioning. The aim of this study was the review of the methods used in estimating premorbid IQ and the evaluation of their reliability. Those methods were divided into four thematic groups concerned: with demographic variables, Wechsler’s scale WAIS-R, verbal tests and combination of various methods. This review allows choosing methods for the estimation of premorbid IQ, which can be useful in theory and in practice, during the formation of rehabilitation and treatment programs for patients with decline in intellectual functioning, caused by morbidity factors.
References
1. Alyward E., Walker E., Bettes B. (1984). Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10 (3), 430-459. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/10.3.430
2. Brzeziński J., Gaul M., Hornowska E., Jaworowska A., Machowski A., Zakrzewska M. (2004). Skala inteligencji D. Wechslera dla dorosłych. Wersja zrewidowana – renormalizacja. WAIS-R-PL. Podręcznik. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warszawa, s. 6-19.
3. Almkvist O., Advenn M., Henning L., Tallberg I. M. (2007). Health and Disability: Estimation of premorbid cognitive function based on word knowledge: The Swedish Lexical Decision Test (SLDT). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00575.x
4. Nelson H. E., McKenna P. (1975). The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14 (3), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1975.tb00178.x
5. Strauss E., Sherman E. M. S., Spreen O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Wilkinson G. S. (1993). WRAT-3: The Wide Range Achivement Test administration manual (3rd ed.). Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
7. Beardsall L., Huppert F. A. (1994). Improvement in NART reading in demented and older persons using the Cambridge Contextual Reading test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16 (2), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639408402634
8. Baddeley A., Emsile H, Nimmo-Smith I., (1993). The Spot-the-Word test: A robust estimate of verbal intelligence based on lexical decision. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32 (1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01027.x
9. Dalsgaard I. (1998). Danish Adult Reading Test (DART). Item analyse og analyse af intercorer reliabilitet mhp revision. Unpublished paper. W: Parnas A. U., Jansson L., Handest P., Nielsen J., Sæbye D., Parnas J. (2007). Pre-morbid IQ varies across different definitions of schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 6 (1), 38-41.
10. Lezak M.D. (1988). IQ: R.I.P. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10 (3), 351-361.
11. Wilson R. S., Rosenbarum G., Brown G. (1979). The problem of premorbid intelligence in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1 (1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688637908401097
12. Lowe D. A., Rogers S. A. (2011). Estimating Premorbid Intelligence among Older Adults: The Utility of the AMNART. Journal of Aging Research: Pobrano z: www.hindawi.com/journals/jar/2011/428132/ https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/428132
13. Jastak J. F., Jastak, S. R. (1978). The Wide Range Achievement Test Manual of Instruct (revised edition). Wilmington: Jastak Associates.
14. Blair J. R., Spreen O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: a revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3 (2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854048908403285
15. Grober E., Sliwinski M. (1991). Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 933-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639108405109
16. Hjorthøj C. R., Vesterager L., Nordentoft M. (2012). Test-retest reliability of the Danish Adult Reading Test in patients with comorbid psychotic and cannabis-use disorder. Nordic Journal Psychiatry. Pobrane z: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08039488.2012.691544
17. Russell A. J., Munro J., Jones P. B., Hayward P., Hemsley D. R., Murray R. M. (2000). The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39 (3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466500163301
18. Rolstad S., Nordlund A., Gustavsson M. H., Eckerstrom C., Klang O., Hansen S., Wallin A. (2008). The Swedish National Adult Reading Test (NART-SWE): A test of pre-morbid IQ. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 577-582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00677.x
19. Baade L E., Schoenberg M. R. (2004). A proposed method to estimate premorbid intelligence utilizing group achievement measures from school records. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19 (2), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(03)00092-1
20. Schoenberg M. R., Scott J. G., Duff K., Adams R. L. (2002). Estimation of WAIS-III intelligence from combined performance and demographic variables: Development of the OPIE-3. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 426-438. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.16.4.426.13913
21. Lezak M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment(3 rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Strauss E., Sherman E., Spreen O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, Commentary (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 98-111.
23. Wechsler D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th edition).Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company.
24. Lezak M. D., Howieson D. B., Loring D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.).New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Russell E. W. (1972). WAIS factor analysis with brain-damaged subjects using criterion measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39 (1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033212
26. Crawford J. R., Miller J., Milne A. B. (2001). Estimating premorbid IQ from demographic variables: A comparison of a regression equation vs. clinical judgment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466501163517
27. Skilbeck C., Dean T., Thomas M., Slatyer M. (2012). Impaired National Adult Reading Test (NART) performance in traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: An International Journal. Pobrane z: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09602011.2012.747968.
28. Stokholm J., Jørgensen K., Vogel A. (2012). Performances on five verbal fluency tests in a healthy, elderly Danish sample. Neuropsychology, development and cognition. Section B, aging, neuropsychology and cognition, 20 (1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2012.656576
29. Brzeziński J., Hornowska E. (1993). Skala inteligencji Wechslera WAIS-R. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, s. 402-408.
30. Rabe-Jabłońska J. (2005). Czy schizofrenia jest chorobą neurodegeneracyjną czy neurorozwojową? http://www.psychiatria.com.pl/gazeta.psychiatria/pdf/p elny_tekst11.pdf
31. Muslimović, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., &Schmand, B. (2005). Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology, 65(8), 1239-1245. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000180516.69442.95
32. Robinson, L. J., Thompson, J. M., Gallagher, P., Goswami, U., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., & Moore, P. B. (2006). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with Curr Probl Psychiatry 2012; 13(4):277-283 bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 93(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.016
33. Lemiere, J., Decruyenaere, M., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Vandenbussche, E., & Dom, R. (2004). Cognitive changes in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) and asymptomatic carriers of the HD mutation. Journal of neurology, 251(8), 935-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-004-0461-9
34. Zamvar, V., Williams, D., Hall, J., Payne, N., Cann, C., Young, Karthikeyan S., Dunne, J. (2002). Assessment of neurocognitive impairment after off-pump and on-pump techniques for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: prospective randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 325(7375), 1268. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7375.1268
35. Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International NeuropsychologicalSociety, 8(03), 448-460. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702813248
36. Bora E., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2010). Cognitive im-pairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp094
37. Brigth P., Jaldow E., Kopelman M. D. (2002). The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: A comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 847-854, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702860131
38. Davis J. M., Schaffer C. B., Killian G. A., Kinard C., Chan C. (1980). Neuroleptics and psychosocial treatments: A discussion. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6 (1), 64-69.
39. Leucht D., Corves C., Arbter D., Engel R.R., Chunbo L., Dawis J. M. (2009). Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 373, (9657), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61764-x
40. Kelly B. D., O’Callaghan E., Waddington J. L., Feeney L., Browne S., Scully P. J., Clarke M., Quinn J. F., McTigue O., Morgan M. G., Kinsella A., Larkin C. (2010). Schizophrenia and the city: A review of the literature and prospective study of psychosis and urbanicity in Ireland. Schizophrenia Research, 116 (1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.015
41. Norman R. D. (1966). A revised deterioration formula for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22 (3), 287-294.
42. Barona A., Reynolds C. R., Chastain R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 885-887. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.52.5.885
43. O’Connor J., Wiffen B. D. R., Reichenberg A., Aas M., Falcone M. A., Russo M., Sood P. G., Taylor H., David A. S. (2012). Is deterioration of IQ a feature of first episode psychosis and how can we measure it? Schizophrenia Research, 137 (2012), 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.041
44. Boak C. (2002). From the Binet-Simon to the Wechsler-Bellevue: Tracing the History of Intelligence Testing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24 (3), 383-405. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.3.383.981
45. Yerkes R. M. (1921). Psychological examining in the United States Army. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (1-3), Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
46. Zimmerman I. L., Woo-Sam J. M. (1973). Clinical interpretation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Grune&Stratton.
47. Tallberg I. M., Wenneborg K., Almkvist O. (2006). Reading words with irregular decoding rules: A test of premorbid cognitive function? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47 (6), 404-411.
48. McIntosh Q. M., Whalley H. C., McKirdy J., Hall J., Sussmann J. E. D., Shankar P., Johnstone E. C., Lawrie S. M. (2008). Prefrontal Function and Activation in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165 (3), 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020365
49. Parnas A. U., Jansson L., Handest P., Nielsen J., Sæbye D., Parnas J. (2007). Premorbid IQ varies across different definitions of schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 6 (1), 38-41.
