Schizofrenia lekooporna - niefarmakologiczne metody augmentacji leczenia klozapiną
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/cpp-2017-0021Słowa kluczowe:
schizofrenia lekooporna, klozapina, elektrowstrząsy, TMS, tDCSAbstrakt
Klozapina pozostaje lekiem z wyboru w przypadku schizofrenii lekoopornej, jednak pomimo jej zastosowania, u 30-40% pacjentów nie udaje się uzyskać satysfakcjonujących efektów terapeutycznych. W takich sytuacjach podejmowane są próby augmentacji zarówno metodami farmakologicznymi jak i niefarmakologicznymi. Do chwili obecnej najwięcej prac poświęcono strategiom farmakologicznym, znacznie mniej kojarzeniu klozapiny z elektrowstrząsami (EW), przezczaszkową stymulacją elektryczną (tDCS) lub magnetyczną (TMS).
Cel: Celem pracy jest prezentacja biologicznych, niefarmakologicznych sposobów augmentacji leczenia klozapiną.
Materiał i metoda: Dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej sposobów niefarmakologicznej augmentacji leczenia klozapiną. Korzystano z bazy PubMed, używając słów kluczy: schizofrenia lekooporna, klozapina, elektrowstrząsy, przezczaszkowa stymulacja magnetyczna, przezczaszkowa stymulacja elektryczna i deskryptorów czasowych: 1980-2017.
Wyniki: Najwięcej opracowań dotyczących możliwości zwiększenia skuteczności klozapiny poświecono terapii skojarzonej klozapina + zabiegi elektryczne. Wykazano w nich poprawę skuteczności w przypadku zastosowania tych dwóch metod równocześnie od 37.5 do 100%. Jedyne jak dotąd badanie randomizowane również potwierdza skuteczność takiego postępowania. Pomimo opisywanych pojedynczych działań niepożądanych w postaci tachykardii czy przedłużonych napadów drgawkowych, większość badań wskazuje na bezpieczeństwo i skuteczność łącznego stosowania klozapiny oraz elektrowstrząsów. Przezczaszkowa stymulacja magnetyczna również okazuje się być bezpieczną metodą u pacjentów leczonych klozapiną. Jednak, aby potwierdzić skuteczność tego sposobu augmentacji, konieczne są dalsze badania. Dane dotyczące połączenia przezczaszkowej stymulacji elektrycznej z klozapiną, pochodzą jedynie z opisów przypadków i wymagają potwierdzenia w badaniach kontrolowanych.
Wnioski: Wyniki badań dotyczących możliwości zwiększania skuteczności klozapiny przy pomocy biologicznych niefarmakologicznych metod terapeutycznych wskazują na potencjalny korzystny wpływ tego typu metod w przełamywaniu superoporności w schizofrenii. Połączenie klozapiny i EW można uznać za strategię najbardziej rekomendowaną spośród omówionych metod leczenia.
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