The occurrence of schizophrenia in an urban area
Keywords:
schizophrenia, urban areas, distribution of patientsAbstract
Seventy five years have passed since the pioneering work of Robert E. L. Faris and H. Warren Dunham on the occurrence of mental disorders in an urban area (Chicago). The authors confirmed that the majority of schizophrenia cases occurred in the city centre, especially in the depreciated areas. The continuators of this type of research constructed more questions and hypotheses related with the researched populace of people affected with mental disorders in the studied areas of cities and villages. More superior research and statistical methods enabled combining certain features of the researched populaces as well as the studied areas. The first research of this type conducted in Poland regarded psychiatric disorders in particular districts of Łódź and was based on the data about people treated for psychiatric disorders in mental health clinics in 1981. Elżbieta Kozanecka-Michałowska, the author of this research, confirmed that mental disorders occurred more often in the city centre and residential districts characterised with a higher degree of population density. The co-author of the current work conducted a similar research based on the register of patients that received treatment for psychiatric disorders in the years 1989-2002. This work, probably the first one of this kind in the Polish specialist literature, has the aim of introducing the Polish reader to the review of research results regarding the occurrence of schizophrenia in particular urban areas as well as in certain rural areas.
References
1. Faris R.E.L., Dunham H.W. Mental disorders in urban areas. An ecological study of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press ;1967.
2. Burgess EW. Introduction. W: Faris REL, Dunham HW.Mental disorders in urban areas. An ecological study of schizophrenia and other psychoses Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press ;1967.
3. Eaton W.W. A formal theory of selection for schizophrenia. AJS. 1980; 86: 149-158.
4. Hollingshead A.B., Redlich F.C. Social class and medical illness. A community study. New York – London: John Wiley ;1958.
5. Eaton W.W.Jr., Residence, social class, and schizophrenia. J Health Hum Behav., 1974; 15: 289-299.
6. Lin T., A study of the incidence of mental disorder in Chinese and other cultures. Psychiatry, 1953; 16: 313-336.
7. Tsugawa T.K., Okada K., Hanasiro S., Asai T., Takuma R., Morimu-ra S.,Tsuboi F. Uber die psychiatrische zensusuntersuchung in einem Stadtbezirk von Tokyo.Psychiatrica et Neurological Japo-nica, 1942; 46: 204-218.
8. Akimoto H., Shimayaki T., Okada K., Hanasiro S. Demographishe und psychiatrische Untersuchung uber abgegrezte Kleinstabtgevolke-rung.Psychiatrica et Neurological Japonica, 1942; 47: 351-374.
9. Kaila J. Uber die durchschnittshaufigkeit des Geisteskrankheiten und des Schwachsinns in Finniand. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurolo-gica, 1942; 17: 47-67.
10. Malzberg B., Social and biological aspects of mental disease. Utica: New York State Hospitals Press; 1940.
11. Landis C., Page J.D. Modern society and mental disease. New York: Farrar and Rinehart; 1938.
12. Pollock H.M. Frequency of dementiapraecox in relation to sex, agę , environment, nativity and race. Ment Hyg., 1921; 10: 596-611.
13. Jaco E.G. The social epidemiology of mental disorders. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1960.
14. Giggs J.A., Cooper J.E. Ecological structure and the distribution of schizophrenia and affective psychoses in Nottingham.Br J Psy-chiatry, 1987; 151: 627-633.
15. Dauncey K., Giggs J., Baker K. et al. Schizophrenia in Nottingham: lifelong residential mobility of a cohort. Br J Psychiatry, 1993; 163: 613-619.
16. Widerlöv B., Borgå P., Cullberg J., Stefansson C.G., Lindqvist G. Epide-miology of long-term functional psychosis in three different areas in Stockholm County. Acta Psychiatr Scand., 1989; 80: 40-46.
17. Dohrenwend B.S., Dohrenwend B.P. Stressful life events: their nature and effects.New York: Wiley; 1974.
18. Pasamanick B., Knobloch H. Epidemiologic studies on the com-plications of pregnancy and birth process.W: Caplan G. Preven-tion of mental disorders in children, ed., Basic: New York; 1961.
19. Haukka J., Suvisaari J., Varilo T., Loonqvist J. Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969. Psychol Med., 2001; 31: 1045-1053.
20. Schelin E.M., Munk-Jørgensen P., Olesen A.V., Gerlach J. Regional differences in schizophrenia incidence in Denmark. Acta Psy-chiatr Scand., 2000; 101: 293-299.
21. Ödegaard O. The incidence of psychoses in various occupations. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 1956; 2: 85-104.
22. Freeman H.L., Alpert M. Prevalence of schizophrenia in an Urban population.Br J Psychiatry, 1986; 149: 603-611.
23. Freeman H.L., Alpert M. Prevalence of schizophrenia: geographical variations in an urban population.Br J Clin Psychol., 1986; 4: 67-75.
24. McGee P., Tuokko H., Maccourt P., Donnelly M. Factors affecting the mental health of older adults in rural and urban communities: an ex-ploration. Can J Commun Ment Health, 2004; 23(2): 117-126.
25. Agerbo E., Byrne M., Eaton W.W., Mortensen P.B. Marital and labor market status in the long run in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2004; 61: 28-33.
26. Sundquist K.,Frank G.,Sundquist J. Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: follow-up study of 4,4 million women and men in Sweden. Br J Psychiatry, 2004; 184: 293-298.
27. Takei N., Sham P.C., O'Callaghan E., Glover G., Murray R. Schi-zophrenia: increased risk associated with winter and city birth - a case - control study in 12 regions within England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health, 1995; 49: 106-109.
28. Lapouse R., Monk M.A., Terris M. The drift hypothesis and so-cioeconomic differentials in schizophrenia. Am J Public Health, 1956; 46: 978-986.
29. Giggs J.Residential mobility and mental health W: Free¬man HL. red. Mental health and environment. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1984.
30. Torrey E.F. Prevalence studies of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry, 1987; 150: 598-608.
31. Gorczyca P.W. Choroby psychiczne w obszarach społecznych miasta W: Bukowska-Floreńska I. red. Miasto - przestrzeń kon-taktu kulturowego i społecznego.„Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne" t. 8.Katowice: UŚ ;2004, s. 323-339.
32. Gorczyca P.W., Olas J. Schizofrenia w obszarach społecz¬nych dwóch badanych miast. Bad Schizofr., 2002/2003; 4: 133-138.
33. Jablensky A., McGrath J., Herman H., Castle D., Gureje O., Evans M., Carr V., Morgan V., Korten A., Harvey C. Psychotic disorders in urban areas: an overview of the study on low prevalence disord-ers. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2000; 34: 221-236.
34. Lewis G., David A., Andreasson S., Allebeck P. Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet, 1992; 18: 137-140.
35. Frumkin R.M. Comparative rates of mental illnesses for urban and rural populations in Ohio. Rural Sociology., 1954; 19: 70-72.
36. Lemert E.M. An exploratory study of mental disorder in a rural problem area. Rural Society, 1948; 13: 48-64.
37. Ohta Y., Nakane Y.,Nishihara J. et al. Ecological structure and incidence rates of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand., 1992; 86: 113-120.
38. Kovess-Mastefy V., Alonso J., Graaf R. de, Demyttenaere K. A Euro-pean approach to rural-urban differences in mental health: The ESEMeD 2000 comparative study. Can J Psychiatry.2005;50:14.
39. Aleman A., Kahn R.S., Selen J.P. Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from metaanalysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2003; 60: 565-571.
40. Leung A., Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl., 2000; 401: 3-38.
41. McGrath J., Saha S., Chant D., Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence and mortality. Epidemiol Rev., 2008; 30: 67-76.
42. McGrath J.J., Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: data versus dogma. Schizophr Bull.2006;I:195-197.
43. Kelly BD, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL, Feeney L, Browne S, Scully PJ, Clarke M, Quinn JF, McTigue O, Morgan MG, Kinsella A, Larkin C. Schizophrenia and the city: A review of literature and prospective study of psychosis and urbanicity in Ireland. Schi-zophr Res., 2010; 116: 75-89.
44. Van Os J., Hanssen M., Bijl R.V., Vollebergh W. Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001; 58: 663-668.
45. Hutchinson G. Social development, urban environment and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry, 2005; 186: 76-77.
46. Van Os J., Driessen G., Gunther N., Delespaul R. Neighborhood variation in incidence of schizophrenią. Evidence for person-environment interaction. Br J Psychiatry, 2000; 176: 243-248.
47. Van Os J., Hanssen M., Bak M., Bijl R.V., Vollebergh W. Do urbanic-ity and familial liability coparticipate in causing psychosis?. Am J Psychiatry, 2003; 160: 477-482.
48. McDonald C, O'Callaghan E, Keogh F, Sham PC, Kinsella A, Morris M, Walsh D. Number of older siblings of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res., 2001; 47: 275-280.
49. Pedersen C.B., Mortensen P.B. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schi-zophrenia risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001; 58: 1039-1046.
50. Pedersen C.B., Mortensen .P.B. Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replica-tion and reanalysis. Br J Psychiatry, 2001; 179: 46-52.
51. Harrison G, Fouskakis D, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Sipos A, Gunnell D. Association between psychotic disorder and urban place of birth is not mediated by obstetric complications or childhood socio-economic position: a cohort study. Psychol Med., 2003; 33: 723-731.
52. Laursen T.M., Munk-Olsen T, Nordentoft M, Bo Mortensen P. A comparison of selected risk factors for unipolar depressive dis-order, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia from a danish population-based cohort. J Clin Psy-chiatry, 2007; 68: 1673-1681.
53. Weiser M, van Os J, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Nahon D, Kra-vitz E, Lubin G, Shmushkevitz M, Knobler HY, Noy S, Davidson M. Social and cognitive functioning, urbanicity and risk for schi-zophrenia. Br J Psychiatry, 2007; 191: 320-324.
54. E.Kozanecka-Michałowska, Psychiatryczny obraz miasta. W: Wódz K ,Czekaj K.red. Szkoła chicagowska w socjologii. Tra-dycja myśli społecznej i wymogi współczesnej socjologii empi-rycznej. Warszawa-Katowice: UŚ; PTS: 1992.
55. Gorczyca P.W. Wpływ aglomeracji miejskich i pozycji przestrzennej na występowanie chorób psychicznych i uzależnienia od alkoholu – studium z zakresu medycyny i socjologii. Kraków: Impuls; 2009.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
