Obesity, diet, and endometrial cancer

Abstract

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries, and its increasing incidence is strongly associated with obesity. In most cases, the disease is driven by prolonged oestrogen exposure without adequate progesterone — a hormonal imbalance that is often linked to excess adipose tissue. Obesity contributes to more than half of all cases and is considered the leading modifiable risk factor. Dietary patterns can affect the risk of developing endometrial cancer not only through their impact on body weight, but also by modulating hormone levels, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Lifestyle interventions that promote healthy nutrition and regular physical activity, and that prevent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders, are essential components of prevention strategies. An appropriate diet may also improve prognosis, alleviate symptoms and reduce adverse effects of treatment. Future research should focus on tailored dietary approaches for specific histological and molecular subtypes, as well as high-risk populations. Current evidence suggests that a healthy diet is particularly important for women with obesity as part of endometrial cancer prevention.